Electronics and Communication Engineering (Ece) Syllabus Book R07

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU scientific UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD B. TECH. electronicS AND chat engineer I course of adopt syllabus STRUCTURE enroll domain position Mathematics I Mathematical Methods apply Physics C syllabus and Data Structures earnings digest electronic Devices and Circuits plan Drawing information processing system Programming Lab. IT store electronic Devices and Circuits Lab English Language communicating Skills Lab. Total T 2+1 3+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 25 P/D 3 3 3 3 3 15 C 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 56JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING II category carry STRUCTURE Code Subject Mathematics leash Probability opening and Stochastic Processes Environmental Studies Signals and Systems galvanising Technology Electronic Circuit Analysis Electronic Circuits Lab. Electrical Technology Lab. II YEAR II Semester Code Subject Pulse and Digital Circuits Control Systems Object Oriented Programming Switchin g Theory and Logic Design EM Waves and Transmission Lines additive communications Analog communication theory Lab.Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab. T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 I Semester JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING tether division COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis Computer Organization additive IC Applications Digital IC Applications Antennas and Wave Propagation Digital Communications Digital Communications Lab.IC Applications and ECAD Lab. T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 II Semester Subject Management experience telecom Switching Systems Digital Signal affect VLSI Design Microwave plan Microprocessors and Interfacing Electronic Computer Aided Design Lab. Advanced English Communication Skills Lab T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 I Semester coarse chord YEAR CodeJAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING IV Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Computer Ne cardinalrks Electronic Measurements & adenine Instrumentation Cellular and Mobile Communications radio detection and ranging Systems Elective-I Micro Controllers and Applications Television engineering science Operating Systems Elective-II Digital Image Processing Satellite Communications Data Base Management Systems Microwave and optical Communications Lab.Digital Signal Processing Lab IV Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Optical Communications Elective-III Embedded and original Time Systems Bio-Medical Instrumentation Digital Design Through Verilog Elective-IV Wireless Communications and vanes DSP Processors and Architectures Artificial Neural Networks Industry Oriented Mini mold Seminar Project Work Comprehensive Viva T 4+1* 4+1* P C 4 4 T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* P C 4 4 4 4 4 I Semester 4+1* 4 30 3 3 6 2 2 28 II Semester 4+1* 4 15 2 2 10 2 28 Note All End Examinations (Theory and Practical) argon of leash hours duration. * Tutorial T Theory P Practical C assign D Drawing I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* ENGLISH P 0 C 4 1. doorway In view of the growing importance of English as a tool for global communication and the consequent strain on breeding students to acquire communicatory competence, the syllabus has been designed to develop linguistic and communicative competence of Engineering students.The order concords and the exercises argon hatefult to serve broadly as students handbooks. In the English classes, the focus should be on the skills of enounceing, penning, listening and disquisition and for this the teachers should use the textbookual matter prescribed for detailed study. For ex antiophthalmic factorle, the students should be encouraged to get wind the texts / submited paragraphs silently. The teachers can ask comprehension questions to stimulate discussion and based on the discussions students can be made to drop a line short paragraphs/essays etc.The text for non-detailed study is for extensive rendering/reading for pleasure by the students. Hence, it is suggested that they read it on their own with topics selected for discussion in the class. The term should be utilized for on the job(p) out the exercises stipulation after each section , as similarly for supplementing the exercises with authentic literals of a similar kind for congressman, from newspaper articles, advertisements, promotional material etc.. However, the stress in this syllabus is on skill development and direct out of language skills. 2.OBJECTIVES a. To improve the language proficiency of the students in English with emphasis on LSRW skills. b. To equip the students to study academic subjects with greater facility with the theoretical and practical compone nts of the English syllabus. c. To develop the study skills and communication skills in formal and informal situations. 3. SYLLABUS earreach Skills Objectives 1. To enable students to develop their listening skill so that they may appreciate its role in the LSRW skills plan of attack to language and improve their pronunciation 2.To equip students with necessary training in listening so that can comprehend the speech of people of several(predicate) backgrounds and regions Students should be given practice in listening to the sounds of the language to be able to get it on them, to distinguish between them to mark stress and recognise and use the right intonation in sentences. Listening for general subject ara Listening to fill up information Intensive listening Listening for specific information Speaking Skills Objectives 1. To make students aware of the role of speechmaking in English and its contribution to their success. 2.To enable students to express themselves fluen tly and fittingly in social and professional contexts. Oral practice Describing objects/situations/people usance play Individual/Group activities (Using exercises from all the nine units of the prescribed text Learning English A communicatory Approach. ) Just A Minute(JAM) Sessions. discip telephone wire Skills Objectives 1. To develop an awareness in the students about the significance of silent reading and comprehension. 2. To develop the ability of students to guess the meanings of words from context and grasp the overall meaning of the text, draw inferences etc. Skimming the text appreciation the encumbrance of an argument Identifying the topic sentence Inferring lexical and contextual meaning Understanding discourse features Recognizing coherence/sequencing of sentences NOTE The students will be trained in reading skills using the prescribed text for detailed study. They will be examined in reading and answering questions using unseen handing overs which may be taken from the non-detailed text or other authentic texts, such as magazines/newspaper articles. Writing Skills Objectives 1. To develop an awareness in the students about composition as an exact and formal skill 2.To equip them with the components of different forms of writing, scratch with the lower order ones. Writing sentences Use of appropriate vocabulary separate writing Coherence and cohesiveness Narration / description Note devising Formal and informal letter writing Editing a passage 4. text editionBOOKS PRESCRIBED In order to improve the proficiency of the student in the acquisition of the four skills mentioned above, the pursual texts and course content, divided into Eight Units, are prescribed For Detailed study 1. training ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Hyderabad Orient Longman, 2006. Six Selected Lessons) For Non-detailed study 2. WINGS OF FIRE An memorial APJ Abdul Kalam, cut magnetic discrepancy with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. , 2004. A. STUDY MATERIAL Unit I 1. astronomy from LEARNING ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 2. Unit II Chapters 1-4 from fly of leaven An Autobiography APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 nurture Technology from LEARNING ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005.Chapters 5-8 from travel of Fire An Autobiography APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Humour from LEARNING ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. Chapters 9-12 from Wings of Fire An Autobiography APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises. , Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Environment from LEARNING ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. Chapters 13-16 from Wings of Fire An Autobiography APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 3. 4.Unit III 5. 6. Unit IV 7. 8. Unit V 9. zeal from LEARNING ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 10. Chapters 17-20 from Wings of Fire An Autobiography APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004. Unit VI 11. humans Interest from LEARNING ENGLISH A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 12. Chapters 21-24 from Wings of Fire An Autobiography APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. , 2004. * Exercises from the lessons not prescribed shall also be used for classroom tasks.Unit cardinal Exercises on edition and Writing Skills Reading Comprehension Situational dialogues Letter writing Essay writing Unit septetteI Practice Exercises on Remedial Grammar application harsh errors in English, Subject-Verb agreement, Use of Articles and Prepositions, Tense and aspect Vocabulary development covering Synonyms & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Antonyms, one-word substitutes, pre fixes & suffixes, Idioms & phrases, words often confused. REFERENCES 1. Strengthen Your English, Bhaskaran & Horsburgh, Oxford University Press 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Basic Communication Skills for Technology, Andrea J Rutherfoord, Pearson Education Asia.Murphys English Grammar with CD, Murphy, Cambridge University Press English Skills for Technical Students by Orient Longman Everyday Dialogues in English by Robert J. Dixson, Prentice- dormitory room of India Ltd. , 2006. English For Technical Communication, Vol. 1 & 2, by K. R. Lakshmi Narayanan, Sci tech. Publications. A Hand book of English for Engineers & Technologists by Dr. P. Eliah, B. S. Publications. growth Communication Skills by Krishna Mohan & Meera Benerji (Macmillan) Speaking and Writing for Effective rail line Communication, Francis Soundararaj, MacMillan India Ltd. , 2007.The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, John Seely, Oxford I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSIT Y HYDERABAD T 3+1* MATHEMATICS I P 0 C 6 UNIT I Differential equivalences of firstborn order and first degree exact, unidimensional and Bernoulli. Applications to newborntons Law of cooling, Law of rude(a) growth and decay, orthogonal trajectories. UNIT II Non-homogeneous elongated first derivative equations of indorsement and higher order with constant coefficients with RHS term of the type e ax , Sin ax, cos ax, polynomials in x, e ax V(x), xV(x), method of variation of contentions.UNIT III Rolles Theorem Lagranges Mean Value Theorem Cauchys mean value Theorem Generalized Mean Value theorem (all theorems without proof) Functions of several variables Functional dependencyJacobian- Maxima and Minima of proceeds of two variables with constraints and without constraints UNIT IV Radius, Centre and Circle of Curvature Evolutes and Envelopes Curve analyze Cartesian , polar and Parametric curves. UNIT V Applications of integration to lengths, volumes and fold are as in Cartesian and polar coordinates multiple integrals double and triple integrals revision of variables change of order of integration.UNIT VI Sequences serial publication Convergences and divergence Ratio runnel semblance runnel Integral test Cauchys root test Raabes test Absolute and conditional convergence UNIT VII vector Calculus Gradient- Divergence- Curl and their related properties of gists- products- Laplacian and second order manipulators. Vector Integration Line integral work done Potential function area- surface and volume integrals Vector integral theorems Greens theorem- tends and Gausss Divergence Theorem (With out proof). Verification of Greens Stokes and Gausss Theorems.UNIT VIII Laplace exchange of standard functions Inverse transform first fracture Theorem, Transforms of derivatives and integrals Unit step function second shifting theorem Diracs delta function Convolution theorem Periodic function Differentiation and integrati on of transforms-Application of Laplace transforms to ordinary differential equations Partial fractions-Heavisides Partial fraction expanding upon theorem. Text controls 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-1 T. K. V. Iyengar, B. Krishna Gandhi and Others, S. Chand & Company. 2.A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, C. Sankaraiah, V. G. S. Book Links. 3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Shahnaz Bathul, Right Publishers. 4. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, P. Nageshwara Rao, Y. Narasimhulu & N. Prabhakar Rao, Deepthi Publications. References 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Thamson Book Collection. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1*P 0 C 6 MATHEMATICAL METHODS UNIT I Matrices and Linear systems of equations Elementary row renewings-Rank-Echelon form , everyday form Solution of Linear Systems Direct Methods- LU rotting- LU Decomposition from Gauss Elimination Solution of Tridiagonal Systems-Solution of Linear Systems UNIT II Eigen value, eigen vectors properties Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Inverse and powers of a matrix by Cayley-Hamilton theorem Diagonolization of matrix. Calculation of powers of matrix Modal and spectral matrices.UNIT III Real matrices Symmetric, skew symmetric, orthogonal, Linear Transformation Orthogonal Transformation. Complex matrices Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian and one(a) Eigen values and eigen vectors of complex matrices and their properties. Quadratic forms- Reduction of quadratic form to ratified form Rank Positive, ostracise definite turnout definite tycoon signature Sylvester law. UNIT IV . Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations mental home The Bisection Method The Method of False Position The Iteration Method Newton-Raphson Method.insertion creative activity- E rrors in Polynomial Interpolation Finite diversitys- Forward DifferencesBackward differences Central differences Symbolic dealings and separation of symbols-Differences of a polynomial-Newtons formulae for introduction Central difference interpolation Formulae Gauss Central Difference Formulae Interpolation with unevenly spaced points-Lagranges Interpolation formula. UNIT V Curve fitting Fitting a right away line Second degree curve-exponentional curve-power curve by method of least squares. numeric Differentiation and Integration Trapezoidal rule Simpsons 1/3 Rule Simpsons 3/8 Rule.UNIT VI Numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equations Solution by Taylors series-Picards Method of successive Approximations-Eulers Method-Runge-Kutta Methods Predictor-Corrector Methods- AdamsMoulton Method Milnes Method. UNIT VII Fourier Series Determination of Fourier coefficients Fourier series even and odd functions Fourier series in an arbitrary interval even and odd periodi c continuation Half-range Fourier hell and romaine expansions. Fourier integral theorem (only statement) Fourier sine and cosine integrals.Fourier transform Fourier sine and cosine transforms properties inverse transforms Finite Fourier transforms. UNIT VIII Formation of partial differential equations by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions solutions of first order linear (Lagrange) equation and nonlinear (standard type) equations. Method of separation of variables. z-transform inverse z-transform properties Damping rule faulting rule Initial and final value theorems. Convolution theorem Solution of difference equation by z-transforms. Text Books 1. Mathematical Methods, T. K. V. Iyengar, B. Krishna Gandhi and Others, S.Chand & Company. 2. Mathematical Methods, C. Sankaraiah, V. G. S. Book Links. 3. A text book of Mathematical Methods, V. Ravindranath, A. Vijayalaxmi, Himalaya Publishers. 4. A text book of Mathematical Methods, Shahnaz Bathul , Right Publisshers. References 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, M. K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar & R. K. Jain, New Age International Publishers. 4. Elementary Numerical Analysis, Aitkinson & Han, Wiely India, 3rd Edition, 2006 I Year B.Tech. ECE UNIT I JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* APPLIED PHYSICS P 0 C 4 attach IN SOLIDS Introduction typefaces of bonding in solids Estimation of cohesive pushing Madelung constant. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION Introduction -Space lattice Basis Unit cadre Lattice parameter Bravais lattices Crystal systems Structure and packing fractions of Simple cubical Body centered cubic Face centered cubic quartz glasss Directions and planes in crystals Miller indices Separation between successive h k l planes Diffraction o f X-rays by crystal planes Braggs law Laue method Powder method.UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS Waves and particles Plancks quantum theory de Broglie hypothesis Matter waves Davisson and Germer experiment G. P. Thomson experiment Heisenberg doubtfulness principle Schrodingers time independent wave equation somatogenic significance of the wave function Particle in one dimensional potential box. UNIT III ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS Classical throw in the towel electron theory Mean free path Relaxation time and drift velocity Quantum free electron theory Fermi-Dirac distribution (analytical) and its dependence on temparature Fermi sinew Electron scattering and resistance.BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS Bloch theorem Kronig-Penney shape (qualitative treatment) Origin of energy band formation in solids Classification of materials into conductors, semi conductors & insulators conception of effective mass of an electron. UNIT IV di electric PROPERTIES Introductio n Dielectric constant Electronic, ionic and orientational polarizations Internal fields in solids Clausius Mossotti equation Dielectrics in alternating fields Frequency dependence of the polarizability Ferro and Piezo electricity.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES permeableness Magnetization Origin of magnetic moment Classification of magnetic materials Dia, para and ferro magnetism Hysteresis curve Soft and hard magnetic materials. UNIT V SEMICONDUCTORS Introduction Intrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration Equation for conductivity Extrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration Drift and diffusion learning abilitys equation Hall effect Direct & indirect band gap semiconductors.SUPERCONDUCTIVITY General properties Meissner effect Penetration depth Type I and Type II superconductors Flux quantization DC and AC Josephson effect BCS Theory Applications of superconductors. UNIT VI LASERS Introduction Characteristics of Lasers Spontaneous and aroused emis sion of radiation Einsteins coefficients Population inversion sanguine laser Helium-Neon Laser CO2 laser -Semiconductor Laser Applications of lasers.UNIT VII fibre OPTICS AND HOLOGRAPHY Introduction Principle of optical fiber Acceptance angle and acceptation cone Numerical aperture Types of optical fibers and refractive index profiles Attenuation in optical fibers Application of optical fibers Basic principles of holography Construction and reconstruction of paradigm on hologram Applications of holography. UNIT VIII SCIENCE & engine room OF NANOMATERIALS Introduction to Nano materials Basic principles of Nanoscience & Technology Fabrication of nano materials Physical & chemical properties of nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes Applications of nanotechnology.TEXTBOOKS 1. Applied Physics 2nd edition by Dr. P. Appala Naidu & Dr. M. Chandra Shekar, V. G. S. Book links. 2. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C. Kittel Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Nanotechnology by Mark Ratner and Daniel Ratner Pearson Education. REFERENCES 1. Materials erudition and Engineering by V. Raghavan Prentice-Hall India. 2. Materials Science by M. Arumugam Anuradha Agencies. 3. Solid State Physics by N. W. Ashcroft & N. David Merwin Thomson Learning. 4.Materials Science by M. S. Vijaya & G. Rangarajan Tata McGraw Hill. 5. Solid State Physics by P. K. Palanisamy Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. 6. Nano Materials by A. K. Bandyopadhyay, New Age International Publishers. 7. Applied Physics by P. K. Mittal I. K. International. 8. Applied Physics by K. Vijay Kumar & T. Sreekanth S. Chand & Company Ltd. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* C PROGRAMMING AND information STRUCTURES P 0 C 6UNIT I Algorithm / pseudo code, flowchart, platform development steps, structure of C program, A Simple C program, identifiers, staple data types and sizes, Constants, variables, arithmetic, relational and logical operators , increment and decrement operators, conditional operator, bit-wise operators, denomination operators, demonstrations, type conversions, conditional expressions, precedence and order of evaluation. Input- railroad siding statements, statements and blocks, if and switch statements, loops- while, do-while and for statements, break, continue, goto and labels, programming examples.UNIT II Designing structured programs, Functions, basics, parameter passing, storage classes- extern, auto, register, static, scope rules, block structure, user defined functions, standard library functions, recursive functions, header files, C preprocessor, example c programs. UNIT III Arrays- concepts, declaration, definition, accessing elements, storing elements, arrays and functions, twodimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, applications of arrays. pointers- concepts, initialization of pointer ariables, pointers and function arguments, calculate arithmetic, Character pointers and functions, pointe rs to pointers, pointers and multidimensional arrays, dynamic memory managements functions, command line arguments, c program examples. UNIT IV Derived types- structures- declaration, definition and initialization of structures, accessing structures, nested structures, arrays of structures, structures and functions, pointers to structures, self denotative structures, unions, typedef, bitfields, C program examples.UNIT V Input and output concept of a file, text files and binary files, streams, standard I/o, Formatted I/o, file I/o operations, error handling, C program examples. UNIT VI hard-hitting Linear and binary search methods, sorting Bubble sort, selection sort, intromission sort, Quick sort, merge sort. UNIT VII Introduction to data structures, separately linked lists, doubly linked lists, circular list, representing stacks and queues in C using arrays and linked lists, infix to post fix conversion, postfix expression evaluation.UNIT VIII Trees- Binary tress, termi nology, representation, traversals, graphs- terminology, representation, graph traversals (dfs & bfs) TEXT BOOKS 1. Computer science, A structured programming approach using C, B. A. Forouzan and R. F. Gilberg, Third edition, Thomson. 2. DataStructures Using C A. S. Tanenbaum, Y. Langsam, and M. J. Augenstein, PHI/Pearson education. REFERENCES 1. C& Data structures P. Padmanabham, B. S. Publications. 2. The C Programming Language, B. W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, PHI/Pearson Education 3. C Programming with problem solving, J. A. Jones & K. Harrow, dreamtech Press 4.Programming in C Stephen G. Kochan, III Edition, Pearson Eductaion. 5. Data Structures and Program Design in C, R. Kruse, C. L. Tondo, BP Leung, Shashi M, Second Edition, Pearson Education. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD T 2+1* NETWORK ANALYSIS P 0 C 4 UNIT I Introduction to Electrical Circuits Circuit Concept R-L-C parameters Voltage and Current sources Indep endent and dependent sourcesSource transformation Voltage Current relationship for passive elements Kirchoffs laws network simplification techniques series, line of latitude, series parallel, star-to-delta or delta-to-star transformation.UNIT II A. C Circuits I R. M. S and median(a) values and form factor for different periodic wave forms, besotted state epitome of R, L and C (in series, parallel and series parallel combinations) with sinusoidal excitation Concept of self and mutual inductances co-efficient of coupling series circuit summary with mutual inductance. UNIT III A. C Circuits II Resonance series, parallel circuits, concept of band width and Q factor. Three level circuits Phase sequence Star and delta connection similitude between line and phase voltages and currents in balanced systems Calculations of active and reactive power.UNIT IV Network topology Definitions Graph Tree, Basic cutset and Basic Tieset matrices for planar networks Loop and No dal methods of analysis of Networks with independent and dependent voltage and current sources doubledity & Dual networks. UNIT V Network Theorems Tellegens, Superposition, Reciprocity, Thevinins, Nortons, Max Power Transfer theorem. Millimans Theorem Statement and proofs problem solving using dependent and independent sources for d. c and a. c excitation.UNIT VI Two-port networks Z,Y, ABCD, h-parameters Conversion of one parameter to another parameter condition for reciprocity and symmetry 2 port network connections in series, parallel and cascaded problem solving. UNIT VII transient Analysis Transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits (Series combinations only) for d. c. and sinusoidal excitations Initial conditions Solution using differential equation approach and Laplace transform methods of solutions. UNIT VIII Filters L. P, H. P, B. P, B. E, Prototype filters design M-derived filters of L.P. and H. P. mixed filter design of L. P. and H. P design of mixed symmetrical attenuators. TEXT BOOKS 1. Network Analysis ME Van Valkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2000. 2. Networks, Lines and handle JD Ryder, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1999. REFERENCES 1. Engineering Circuit Analysis William Hayt and Jack E Kemmerly, McGraw Hill, fifth Edition, 1993. 2. Network Analysis N. C. Jagan and C. Lakshminarayana, B. S. Publications, 2006. 3. Electric Circuits J. Edminister and M. Nahvi Schaums Outlines, TMH, 1999. . Electrical circuits by A. Chakarborthy, Dhanpath Rai & Co. , I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS P 0 C 6 UNIT-I ELECTRON DYNAMICS AND range Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Simple problems involving electric and magnetic fields only. Electrostatic and magnetic focusing. Principles of CRT, deflection sensitivity (Electrostatic and magnetic deflection), Parallel Electric and Magnetic fields, Perpendicular Electric and Magnet ic fields.UNIT- II JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS Review of semi conductor Physics n and p type semi conductors, Mass Action Law, Continuity Equation, Hall Effect, Fermi level in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Open-circuited p-n junction, The p-n junction talent band diagram of PN diode, PN diode as as a rectifier (forward stroke and reverse bias), The current components in p-n diode, Law of junction, Diode equation, Volt-ampere characteristics of p-n diode, Temperature dependence of VI characteristic, Transition and Diffusion capacitances, Step graded junction, Breakdown Mechanisms in Semi Conductor (Avalanche and Zener breakdown) Diodes, Zener diode characteristics, Characteristics of Tunnel Diode with the help of energy band diagrams, Varactar Diode, LED, LCD. And photo diode UNIT- III RECTIFIERS, FILTERS AND REGULATORS Half wave rectifier, strut factor, full wave rectifier, Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, optical condenser filter, L- ? section filter, ? section filter, Multiple Lsection and Multiple ? section filter, and comparison of various filter circuits? n legal injury of ripple factors, Simple circuit of a regulator using zener diode, Series and Shunt voltage regulators UNIT- IV junction transistor and FET CHARACTERISTICS Junction transistor, junction transistor current components, Transistor as an amplifier, Transistor construction, Detailed study of currents in a transistor, Transistor alpha, Input and produce characteristics of transistor in Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common collector configurations, Relation between Alpha and Beta, typical transistor junction voltage values, JFET characteristics (Qualitative and quantifiable discussion), Small signal model of JFET, MOSFET characterisitics (Enhancement and depletion mode), Symbols of MOSFET, Comparison of Transistors, Introduction to SCR and UJT.UNIT-V BIASING AND STABILISATION BJT biasing, DC equivalent model, criteria for fixing operati ng point, Fixed bias, Collector to base bias, egotism bias techniques for stabilization, Stabilization factors, (S, S , S), Compensation techniques, (Compensation against variation in VBE, Ico,) caloric run away, Thermal stability, UNIT- VI AMPLIFIERS Small signal low frequency transistor amplifier circuits h-parameter representation of a transistor, Analysis of single stage transistor amplifier using h-parameters voltage gain, current gain, Input impedance and Output impedance. Comparison of transistor configurations in cost of AI , Ri , Av , Ro, UNIT- VII FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers, General characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Effect of Feedback on input and output characteristics, Voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt feedback amplifiers with discrete components and their analysis UNIT-VIII OSCILLATORS Condition for oscillations.RC-phase shift oscillators with Transistor and FET, Hart ley and Colpitts oscillators, Wein bridge oscillator, Crystal oscillators, Frequency and bountifulness stability of oscillators, TEXT BOOKS 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits J. Millman, C. C. Halkias, and Satyabratha Jit Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Ed. , 2007. 2. Electronic Devices and Circuits R. L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson/Prentice Hall,9th Edition,2006. REFERENCES 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits T. F. Bogart Jr. , J. S. Beasley and G. Rico, Pearson Education, 6th edition, 2004. 2. Principles of Electronic Circuits S. G. Burns and P. R. Bond, Galgotia Publications, 2nd Edn.. , 1998. 3. Microelectronics Millman and Grabel, Tata McGraw Hill, 1988. 4.Electronic Devices and Circuits Dr. K. Lal Kishore, B. S. Publications, 2nd Edition, 2005. 5. Electronic Devices and Circuits- Prof GS N Raju I K International Publishing erect Pvt . Ltd 2006 I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 0 ENGINEERING drawing P 3 C 4 UNIT I Introduction to engineering graphics construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola cylindrical curves. UNIT II orthographic projections of points, lines and planes axis inclined to one planes and inclined to some(prenominal) the planes. UNIT III Orthographic projections of solids Cylinder, cone, prism, pyramid and sphere positions and axis inclined to both the planes.UNIT IV Isomeric projections of lines, planes and simple solids UNIT V Conversion of orthographic views into isometrical views and vice-versa. TEXT BOOKS 1. Engineering drawings By N. D. Bhatt 2 Engineering graphics By K. L. Narayana & P. Kannayya REFERENCES1. Engineering drawing and graphics Venugopal/ New age 2. Engineering drawing Johle / TMH I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 0 information processing system PROGRAMMING LAB P 3 C 4 Objectives To make the student learn a programming language. To teach the student to write programs in C solve the problems To Introduce the student to simple linear and non linear data structures such as lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.Recommended Systems/Software Requirements Intel based desktop PC ANSI C Compiler with Supporting Editors Week l. a) bring through a C program to assure the sum of individual digits of a confirming integer. b) A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. write a C program to generate the first n terms of the sequence. c) Write a C program to generate all the primordial numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the user. Week 2. a) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum Sum=1-x2/2 +x4/4 -x6/6 +x8/8 -x10/10 b) Write a C program toe find the grow of a quadratic equation.Week 3 a) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions i) To find the factorial of a given integer. ii) To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers. iii) To solve Towers of Hanoi problem. Week 4 a) The positive distance travelled by vehicle in t seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at2 where u and a are the initial velocity (m/sec. ) and acceleration (m/sec2). Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given the values of u and a. The program should provide the flexibility to the user to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of u and a. ) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user, serves the operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement) Week 5a) Write a C program to find both the larges and smallest number in a list of integers. b) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following i) Addition of Two Matrices ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices Week 6 a) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the follow ing operations i) To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position. ii) To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string. ) Write a C program to regulate if the given string is a palindrome or not Week 7 a) Write a C program that displays the position or index in the string S where the string T begins, or 1 if S doesnt contain T. b) Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text. Week 8 a) Write a C program to generate Pascals triangle. b) Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers. Week 9 Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric progression 1+x+x2+x3+. +xn For example if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125. Print x, n, the sum Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make sense for negative exponents if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error message if n

Level2 Equality Diversity

NCFE Level 2 Certificate in equating and Diversity whole 4 Living in Diverse Communities estimate You should use this file to complete your sound judgement. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, every onto your computer or a disk Then make water through your Assessment, remembering to save your spurt regularly When youve finished, print extinct a copy to support for annex Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your passenger car via your My Study theatre make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the social unit and Assessment number. Name Lisa Roe 1. pass a range of appropriate fact-finding methods that can be employ to explore diversity in a community of interests of interests. You can observe the community using several methods unity universe you could use observation sheets ,go in the internet use the local library, wrap up pot with expert knowledge. You can use neighbourhood sta tistic websites that can take hold you a range of statistics in your local ara. 2. victimisation cardinal (or more) of the methods you defined in Question 1, describe the extent of diversity that exists inwardly your community. You should exemplify your work with some actual data such as statistics or desktop research.Spoken languages ,There ar presently 73 languages spoken in the Wigan Borough, check to English as an Additional Language statistics inside schools. (Wigan Council Census, January 2010). The top languages shortly world apply by schools is Polish, Chinese, Arabic, Punjabi, French, Malayalam, Urdu, Slovak and Norwegian. 38 languages were requested Interpretation operate deep downwardly GP practices in 2008/09. The top languages before long organism used by patients at bottom GP practices argon Kurdish, Slovak, Farsi, Mandarin, Russian, Arabic, French and Polish.There are currently 68 languages used in Wigan and Leigh College. Top languages spoken are Po lish, Arabic, Chinese, Punjabi, Slovak, French, Urdu, Malayan, Russian, and Lithuanian most recent data we have on religion is from the 2001 Census, so very step to the fore-of- date. Wigan is a predominantly Christian borough with 87% classed as such. The beside largest group is those describing themselves as having no religion, at 7%. There are less that 1% of sight in the borough who describe themselves as both Muslim (0. 33%), Hindu (0. 17%), Buddhist (0. 09%), Jewish (0. 3%) or Sikh (0. 02%). However, the growing ethnic diversity that has been experienced in the borough over the last ten years is likely to have had an feat on the religious make-up also 3. use one (or more) of the methods you draw in Question 1, describe the range of work and agencies that exist within your local community to support diversity. www. wlct. org Wigan Leisure and Culture Trust is attached to e character and diversity and in an ongoing process continues to develop and emend services to ev eryone in the community www. wigan. ov. uk for help with everything from housing to help face for a job. Patient advice and liaison services Advice on the availability of, and vex to, local health services www. walh. co. uke spirit and diversity in employment 4. Using one (or more) of the methods you sketch in Question 1, provide a tolerant range of examples (at least 20) of physical signs that show there is diversity within your community. Include examples relating to Religion Ethnicity Age Disability Gender 5. break the types of dissimilarity that could exist within a community.Report on your findings. 1,Political this may occur when veritable groups are prevented from taking part in a process. 2, Inequality of vector sum this is when deal have variations in wealth and income 3 disparity of interposition this is were we have to treat people without bias, prejudice or special conditions applying to them 6. Describe the threats that exist to equality and diversity within the community, using examples of intolerance and extremism. when people are intolerant they tend to stereotype and label the groups / categories they do non like.They may behave in antisocial paths that undermine the quality of life of the people they do not like. This can worsen to the head up where there is extremism. One of the main problems that results from intolerant behaviour is that it can bring in the social groups cosmos subjected to it to behave differently. They often respond in one of two authoritys The people affected may withdraw and sprain more insular. They tend to stay with their own social group and reinforcement off outsiders. However, this withdrawal can be perceived by outsiders as being anti-social and this can have a negative center on the way the nonage group is labelled. hey stereotype people outside their group as being a threat against them. They may themselves bend intolerant of the outsiders. This breaks deal the healthy relationships that the social group has with others. These responses are understandable. If a person feels peril it makes sense to keep close to people you feel safe with and keep away from potential threats. Unfortunately the result is that the behaviour of an intolerant nonage can influence and negatively impact a whole community. the ultra is obviously an intolerant person who takes things to extremes.They go from disliking and being intolerant of a particular social group (on the grounds of things such as race, ethnicity, gender, harm or sexual p pointedness of reference) to taking actions that may take in those people harm. 7. look for the range of support services and networks that exist within the local community to support diversity and explain the specific roles they carry out and the users they support. This projection should be completed for each of the following Public sector organisations Wigan, Leigh &038 partition Society for the Blind to help the blind people find out informati on and get help if needed. www. thebrick. org. kthey help homeless people www. embracewiganand leigh. org they are a Wigan based charity who help people with disabilities and their families that need support, advice and information. large-hearted and voluntary organisations oxfam cancer research save the children Self-help groups AATo help people with boozing problems Alzheimers society-to help family to cope with loved ones who are suffering with alzhelmers. Lesbian and audacious foundation providers of direct support and resources to lesbian mirthful and bisexual people Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your inculcate for marking.Level2 equating DiversityNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 4 Living in Diverse Communities Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study expanse make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Name Lisa Roe 1.Describe a range of appropriate investigatory methods that can be used to explore diversity in a community. You can observe the community using several methods one being you could use observation sheets ,go in the internet use the local library, feeling people with expert knowledge. You can use neighbourhood statistic websites that can lay down you a range of statistics in your local area. 2. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the extent of diversity that exists within your community. You should enlarge your work with some actual data such as statistics or desktop research.Spoken languages ,There are cur rently 73 languages spoken in the Wigan Borough, tally to English as an Additional Language statistics within schools. (Wigan Council Census, January 2010). The top languages currently being used by schools is Polish, Chinese, Arabic, Punjabi, French, Malayalam, Urdu, Slovak and Norwegian. 38 languages were requested Interpretation services within GP practices in 2008/09. The top languages currently being used by patients within GP practices are Kurdish, Slovak, Farsi, Mandarin, Russian, Arabic, French and Polish.There are currently 68 languages used in Wigan and Leigh College. Top languages spoken are Polish, Arabic, Chinese, Punjabi, Slovak, French, Urdu, Malayan, Russian, and Lithuanian most recent data we have on religion is from the 2001 Census, so very out-of- date. Wigan is a predominantly Christian borough with 87% classed as such. The close largest group is those describing themselves as having no religion, at 7%. There are less that 1% of people in the borough who descri be themselves as either Muslim (0. 33%), Hindu (0. 17%), Buddhist (0. 09%), Jewish (0. 3%) or Sikh (0. 02%). However, the growing ethnic diversity that has been experienced in the borough over the last ten years is likely to have had an effect on the religious make-up also 3. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the range of services and agencies that exist within your local community to support diversity. www. wlct. org Wigan Leisure and Culture Trust is perpetrate to equality and diversity and in an ongoing process continues to develop and improve services to everyone in the community www. wigan. ov. uk for help with everything from housing to help flavour for a job. Patient advice and liaison services Advice on the availability of, and admission price to, local health services www. walh. co. ukequality and diversity in employment 4. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, provide a total range of examples (at least 20) of physical signs that show there is diversity within your community. Include examples relating to Religion Ethnicity Age Disability Gender 5. Describe the types of inequality that could exist within a community.Report on your findings. 1,Political this may occur when authentic groups are prevented from taking part in a process. 2, Inequality of military issue this is when people have variations in wealth and income 3 inequality of preaching this is were we have to treat people without bias, prejudice or special conditions applying to them 6. Describe the threats that exist to equality and diversity within the community, using examples of intolerance and extremism. when people are intolerant they tend to stereotype and label the groups / categories they do not like.They may behave in antisocial ways that undermine the quality of life of the people they do not like. This can worsen to the point where there is extremism. One of the main problems that results from intolerant behavi our is that it can cause the social groups being subjected to it to behave differently. They often respond in one of two ways The people affected may withdraw and become more insular. They tend to stay with their own social group and rescind outsiders. However, this withdrawal can be perceived by outsiders as being anti-social and this can have a negative effect on the way the minority group is labelled. hey stereotype people outside their group as being a threat against them. They may themselves become intolerant of the outsiders. This breaks down the healthy relationships that the social group has with others. These responses are understandable. If a person feels exist it makes sense to keep close to people you feel safe with and keep away from potential threats. Unfortunately the result is that the behaviour of an intolerant minority can influence and negatively impact a whole community. the ultra is obviously an intolerant person who takes things to extremes.They go from disl iking and being intolerant of a particular social group (on the grounds of things such as race, ethnicity, gender, check or sexual preference) to taking actions that may cause those people harm. 7. interrogation the range of support services and networks that exist within the local community to support diversity and explain the specific roles they carry out and the users they support. This projection should be completed for each of the following Public sector organisations Wigan, Leigh &038 govern Society for the Blind to help the blind people find out information and get help if needed. www. thebrick. org. kthey help homeless people www. embracewiganand leigh. org they are a Wigan based charity who help people with disabilities and their families that need support, advice and information. tender-hearted and voluntary organisations oxfam cancer research save the children Self-help groups AATo help people with imbibition problems Alzheimers society-to help family to cope with l oved ones who are suffering with alzhelmers. Lesbian and gay foundation providers of direct support and resources to lesbian gay and bisexual people Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Sultry Days by Shobha de

SULTRY age A Tale of Struggle and Freedom acerbic Days is the fifth story written by Shobha De published in the year 1994. With stifling Days Shobha De has explored a different approach in her characters which had non been seen in her previous legends. Shobha writes in the front summonboy of this novel For my children fin bothy a book by me that they quarter read. L. Sonia Ningthoujam writes acerb Days, takes us into the world of power, wake and guns, the shady side of Mumbai upper class monastic order. 1 In this novel Shobha has realistically presented the blisterings of y break throughh, their aspirations their mental attitudes, she mentions in her autobiography The novel is littered with types from that mixed-up decade-the self-styled bohemians out to change the world but not their smelly underwear the crappy senior men of Mumbai, all gas and small turds the corporate ladies with their beneficial bread and butter hangs-ups the in identifyectuals, pariahs and parasites who feed off the rich while spitting on their capitalistic values. It was a fun book to do.And for those of us who grew up in that geological era in Mumbai, there were a lot of familiar echoes and reference points that fork upd fill up of amusement during the recounting. I consider beau ideal one of my better-etched characters I can save regret he wasnt for real. 2 Shobha De dazzles the reader with her frank and candid tales of the roll in the hays of males and females who be attempt to carve a successful c atomic number 18er in the study of literature and journalism in the city of Mumbai. Because of her receive journalistic skimp in Mumbai Shobhas sulphurous Days emerges as a really realistic novel.Shobha says, I rather liked doing this book with its simple tale of doomed love, patently because it took me back to my college days and to the edges of the pseudo-arty intellectual world I prickteasered with briefly forrader beating a hasty retreat. 3 The patron in this novel is alike a female like early(a) novels of Shobha De, but unlike her new-fangled(prenominal) novels fleshly Days in addition revolves around a male character. Nisha, the protagonist of the novel is a strong headed and c arer oriented female although the novel alike deals very realistically with a male character who also be experiences the primaeval character as the novel unfolds.God or debutante is the central male character and Nisha is the narrator. It is through debutante that Nisha discovers herself. Nisha is a young college school-age child who is sharp and focused towards studies, she comes from an upper middle class family. Nishas parents do not turn over a very loving relationship. She invariably feels tense that find has no snip for her arrest and neglects his daughter. Nisha is a shy lady booster dose and she al ways hated the frown birthmark on her forehead which do her control tensed all the time. Was it my expression? Did I imp ly troubled? In pain? Depressed? by chance it was that birthmark of mine.It had to be that. I was innate(p) with worry lines surrounded by my brows. 4&8212&8212&8212 summon 2 Nisha thought that she may come on to deb as a, A prissy humble good girl who carried far too may books around. Pretty enough, I suppose. only not special. 5&8212 rascal 2 From the beginning we become aware of Nishas attraction for Deb who is also referred to as God by nearly of his college friends. Deb is the son of a communist and is also a communist himself, he often gets arrested while taking out Morchas. Nisha gets attracted to Deb because of his unusual personality.His appearance is ratty, wears days old stubble, always scratches his matted locks which were full of lice-nests, smokes beedies, is a man of loose morals, has had s ever soal(prenominal) girls by the time he reached college. His attitude towards girls is also to use them and desert them. I learnt very quickly that I had to bury whatever small ego and pride I had if I wished to hang around God. His attitude towards girls was simple-use them and leave them As for me, I was plain moonstruck. And for once in my feeling I wasnt freeing to lose out by default. 6&8212 foliate 5Despite his shabby appearance, Gods hands and fingernails were surprisingly, neat and clean. He agnizes many styles much(prenominal) as German, cut and Spanish. He had already read Chaucer and Karl Marx before leaving school. Deb fails to hold out exploitation and hence revolts against injustice, tyranny and frivolities. In the beginning of the novel Deb asserts the importance of decent means and told Nisha that he was not interested in gold as it is only means to an end. Nisha is very impressed with his manners. Nisha is really in love with Deb and tries hard to work their relationship.Deb however, is not very emotionally attached to Nisha or at least he pretends so. He mainly lives off Nishas money. Nisha tells I loved buyi ng liaisons for God. It gave me a reason of belonging. Gifts were a bond-perhaps the only one. Gifts-which he took entirely for granted. 7&8212 rapscallion 13 Nishas parents disapproved of God as they felt that God is using their daughter for his own profit. still Nisha is totally smitten by Deb and tells them, Id like Deb to fall my life. I hope him to ruin it. I dont care if he wrecks it. I love him. 8&8212&8212 page 14 Nisha is very possessive about her cause and when Deb passes some nasty comments on her become, Nisha screams at him in a fit of anger, Oh, shut up How dare you? I screamed, You and your filthy mind. What would you get by about the needs of ladies-you who have no background, no class, you filthy bastard. 9 page 17 Nishas let is a veritable(prenominal) hypocrite economise. At groundwork he had set rules for his married woman and daughter to follow. He expected his wife to be dolled up in office parties according to his tastes. His wife had no choice. Nisha tells, My fathers ideas of a wellspring-dressed wife were pretty fixed-she had to be draped in pastel-coloured chiffon listless(prenominal) with a sleeveless blouse Make-up, especially lipstick, was of vital importance since he securely believed it was a sign of sophistication and no stylish woman should ever be seen without it. 10&8212 page 19 He expected his wife to saying later the house and accompany him for occasional parties. She was never back upd to do something worthwhile outside home. When Nishas get down told her friends that she had no time for her personal interests her friend tells her That is your problem.But if I were in your place, I would just tell him that if hed wanted to connect an ayah, he shouldnt have married you. We bring a lot of emplacement to our husband and they should realize it. 11&8212-page 24 Nishas father did not approve of women going out of home for work. When Nishas mother got an offer for work from her friend Pratimaben her hu sband denied it nowaway by saying In our company wives do not work. They stay at home and organize dinner parties 12&8212 page 147 For a large number of years aft(prenominal) their marriage Nishas mother use to give up without a fight with her husband.But when the artificial doings of her husband started taking toll on her senses she told her husband in a fit of anger I have had enough of your bullying and hypocrisy. I have kept quiet for far too long. Go to stone with your corporate nonsense. Why should you I? Why should I incommode about you either? You can also go to hell with your overblown talk and empty boasts. I am sick, do you hear, sick of nutriment this false life Well-its my turn now. And you can listen to me for a change. I will go on with Pratimaben with anything I choose to do. She is my friend.She en bravenesss me. She appreciates me Whether you like it or not, henceforth I will make the decisions about my life. And the first thing is that Im taking a job. 13 &8212&8212 page 148 Shobha De satirizes the hypocritical couples who have extramarital relations and yet pretend to be faithful to each other. Deb skint the raw(a)s to Nisha that her father is having an affair with a Sindhi woman. Even Nishas mother confirms that her father has broken all ties with her. Inspite of their differences Nishas parents throw an anniversary party for their friends.Nisha was tensed see all this and admits As for me, I was drwn into my mothers sad world, full of self-pity and doubt. I didnt know what to make of the bomb she ad dropped. My father continued to be normal and misrepresent nothing had happened. 14&8212&8212page 62 In this novel Shobha De throws light on the hollow life of film and modeling world. Deb gets no sackful money from his father, he does free lance reporting as well as proof-reading. After college Nisha joined an ad agency and she became a little busy in her life. Whenever she had time she met God and enjoyed his company.As God beca me witting of his original powers, he started writing poems. Nisha felt delighted seeing God moving in the league of contemporary poets. God is also very imperial of his poetic sensibilities. God started attending workshops in which amateur poets gathered and showcased their work. Shobha De gives a very realistic picture of this strata of upcoming talent. She refers to such workshops as The sessions were conducted I dingy halls where the organizers didnt have to turn over any rent. Everybody sat around on uncomfortable folding chairs or on the floorOthers who were present regularly were a fairly motley lot of essay writers, a Grande wench of Verse, frustrated copy-writers and self-styled critics. 15 page 26 Nisha never felt at ease in the meetings of Anglo Indian Poets Association. There were some aspiring women phalluss also in the group. Women like Chandni, Sujata, Pramila etc wanted to get name and fame in the field of journalism. These women wanted to get away from the clutches of domesticity and wanted to breathe in the fresh air. One such character is that of Sujata. Sujata was also a member of Gods poetry recitation group.She represents modern women who fulfills all her homely duties and also doesnt lug her own interests. Shobha writes All of them-her timid husband and four daughters, doted on her. However, she had made it plain that she had gone beyond them and that shed s jacket crownped playing wife and mother long ago. After fulfilling her duties as a wife and mother, Sujata decided to live her life on her own terms. She told her family My duties are over. They are on their own now, she would explain. I have played the roles I was expected to at the divert times. NowIm on my own. And they are on their own. This is my life. I want to live it my way. 16&8212- Page 31 God appreciated Sujatas behaviour, he tells Nisha Whats wrong with her behaviour? She is beautiful, man, just beautiful. She follows her instincts. She makes her own rule s. Shes not a coward. She cares two hoots for the so-called society. I admire her guts, yaar. 17&8212page 31 Ultimately, God joined pinch powder store as sub-editor and felt delighted. The basic aim of Plume was to encourage young poets.Shobha de has very realistically portrayed womens protest against the prevalent outline which limits the scope of a womans life to mere day to day abode chores. In this novel women like Sujata and Pratimaben do not accept their conventional roles in marriage. They detest being limited to the domestic chores. Extremely conscious of their changed role in family, they proclaim loudly, We are not only housekeepers after all, We are not mere housekeepers, after all. 18&8212page 24 well-nigh women are career conscious to the extent that they do not think in terms of a settled family.Manju, Vimla are the professionals in market field and are career oriented females. They represent the new age females writes Shobha De These were the no-nonsense wom en who had take me seriously written all over them.. They took their jobs with an earnestness that was almost terrorize in its intensity. Even the married ones insisted on being addressed as Ms or stuck to their maiden names. Their male colleagues were not permitted to crack jokes or flirt lightly. She writes further, Workaholism for women had become very fashionable. If men can keep up careers ruthlessly, so can we, women declared at seminars and workshops for senior managers.. Postpone babies or occupy your husband to share house work. 19&8212&8212&8212page 119 These characters in Sultry Days have an altogether different outlook towards family and social life. In this context, Des feminist concerns in her fiction come close to the ideas expressed by Veena Noble Dass, literary productions should show women in activities that are not traditionally feminine to speed the diarrhea of rigid sex roles.It is not enough, however to simply place a female character in a new occupatio n, with no cor reacting change in her personality and behaviour. 20 The modern woman aspire to manipulation power and control the situation. Feroze and Kiki also fall in the category of the untried Woman of the new era. Regarding Feroze Shobha De remarks Feroze was on her own in more ways than one. Enterprising manipulative and full of strange kind of charm, she got around to places most people only dreamt ofFeroze became a familiar and popular figure in filmdom in an incredibly short period She drove her own car-she consume foreign cigarettes. She traveled by planes. 21&8212&8212page cl Nisha met indigo plant Bhandari, a young marketing guy whod just set up a hot-shop of his own after coming back from a long stint in America with one of the best marketing agencies. Anil was in his early thirties and mockingly referred to himself as a first multiplication yuppie. 22 &8212page 76 He was a fine example of a modern educated young man with refined international tastes.He smelt of Aramisor Drakkar and used Studio Line gel in his hair, wore Warren Beatty glasses. in short Anil was going around with a supermodel model Shona. Shona and Anil short complemented each other. Once they were engaged Anil emerged as a typical male from a hypocrite society. He told Nisha In fact, Im going to ask Shona to give up modelling once were married. She wont need the money anyway. Nisha asked him Maybe theres more than money in it for her. Maybe she loves her career. She is right at the top now. Have you discussed it with her? Not yet. Im sure shell agree. Shes such an innocent docile girl. Anil said. What will she do with her time? Nisha asked him. Anil replied and asked Nisha What does any housewife do? Theres so much to do around the house. 23 &8212 page 109 As the novel progresses we see visible change in Gods attitude. From a small time poem writer and proofreader Deb starts working for an art magazine Plume. Having tasted power and money during his association wi th Plume, Gods sole interest is to spring up money and power. Although Nisha does not approve of Gods new way of life. She explains her utter repulsiveness to Gods new style of living which had begun sowing the seeds of discord and estrangement between them.She says No I didnt like what was happening to God at all. We were beginning to see less and less of each other now that he didnt need to give ear me for cash that often God was behaving like a mortal, like all the other journalists in the town, a bum who shamelessly sold his pieces for a fews pegs of scotch and a five-star evening 24 page 100 Nisha always looked for a fast(a) partner in Deb which Deb ceased to be, not because of his alliance with other women but because of their varied interests. Deb and Nishas relationship turned cold after the former starts caring less and less for his self-respect.He turned out to be a typical man from a male dominated society. Deb has moved to his own place and required somebody to cook f or him and look after his house. Nisha suggested him to get a maid. Deb very casually told her These maids-shaids are a hassle, yaar. I need my own woman. If you want, I dont mind a shaadi-waadi-I know that will make you feel better. Theek hai-we can be burgeois and go through with that marriage rubbish. You can cook, cant you? ass you fry puris without burning your fingers? Can you make rice that isnt sticky? Better to get all this straight from the start, hai na?No lafda later on Give me my daal-roti, a loosen up bed, twice-a-week maalish and a daily screw. Thats all I expect. Nisha was too stunned to respond to what she heard One part of me was laughing. The other, feeling sorry for this man. He was manifestly deranged-or the worlds biggest egotist. He actually expected me to jump at this offer. He looked so comic. So vulnerable, standing in the lobby, trying to look nonchalant and heroic. 25&8212- page 160 Gods sole interest in life was reduced to acquire money and power. C ontrary to his attitude Nisha wants everything in life through classical labor.Nisha had never expected this change in God and she failed to convince him as to he did not need to work for a political broker, he needed to trust the power of his pen, but all her efforts went in vain. As ill luck would have it, Deb became proud of his power and joins Yashwantbhai, a don. Gods new life style began to sow seeds of discord and estrangement between them. Nisha realizes that God was no longer the same person she had fallen in love with. Nisha tried her best to refrain Deb from associating with a reprehensible like Yashwantbhai but Deb had gone too far to come back.Nisha started exposing Yashwantbhai and his pit connections in her write-ups. Nishas bold action is supported by her mother and also by a social activist Pratimaben who unravels and brings to public batting order Yashwantbahis atrocities on his former mistress, Pramila. Pramila is a fine example of a new age woman. Pramila is a Nagpur woman, her husband is in a well paying(a) job, they have three children. Pramila is a talented poetry writer and to pursue her career in writing she leaves her family and moves to Mumbai. She shots to fame as soon as her poems are published in English.She administers a shock to her husband when she divorces him and leaves the house along with her two daughters. She eventually meets Yashwantbhai and becomes her mistress. She becomes avictim of his lust. She becomes pregnant with his child, Yashwantbhai forces her to get a sex die done for the unborn baby as he did not want a girl child. Knowing that the child is a girl Yashwantbhai abuses her and consequently it is God who helps her in going underground. Nisha, her mother, Pratimaben with Pramilas help expose Yashwant bhai.Ultimately, Deb has to pay for his association with Yashwant bhai, he is shot by Yashwantbhais goons and God collapses after struggling for a couple of days in hospital. When Dev is shot and admitted in the hospital, Nisha analyzes the life of ignorant and uneducated women of Bombay who never think of higher issues of life such as- What are the fundamental rights of a citizen? What is the interpretation of women liberation movement? What is secularism? leave alone women be free from the drudgery of the kitchen? What is the meaning of democratic collectivism? Is socialism going to help women in any way?What is the importance of L. I. C in the life of a family? Nisha thinks very realistically that these ignorant and simple-hearted women are not shot dead as they dont raise their voice against the underworld Dons. No threats are given to them as they dont interfere with the working of politicians. But the women in Shobha Des novels are strong and confident. These women know what they want from life and how to reach out it. Nishas mother followed her husbands instructions through out her life but at last she raised her voice against his hypocrite nature and emerged a winner.Women in Sultry Days assert their free and autonomous existence, they struggle and fight against the realized social order that threatens their existence. Bhaskar A Shukla observes It may be partly on account of her experience as a journalist that she is able to tell things interestingly and with a courage of conviction in a language uniquely her own. 26 Women in Sultry Days represent a modern, independent and financial independent woman. These women do not expect their male partners to provide them financial security.In fact, it is Nisha grants monetary favors to her boyfriend Deb for a long time. Sujata, Pramila, Pratimaben are women who do not wish to be enclosed in their homes, they wish to be free from the clutches of male dominated society. They show the courage to leave their houses and pursue their dreams and make a mark of their own. Binod Mishra remarks In Des novels womens heroical struggle for existence unfolds in their unconventional behaviour, their sexual escapades and their dream for a life free from male domination. 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY Sonia Ningthoujam, Image of the New Woman in the Novels of Shobha De. 2Shobha De, Selective MemoryStories From My Life, page 336 3Shobha De, Selective MemoryStories From My Life, page 336 4Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 2 5Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 2 6Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 5 7Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 13 8Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 14 9Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 17 10Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 19 11Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 24 12Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 147 13Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 148 14Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 62 5Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 26 16Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 31 17Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 31 18Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 24 19Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 119 20Veena Noble Dass, ed. , feminism and lit, Feminism and Literature (Delhi Prestige Books, 1995), page 10 21 Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 150 22 Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 76 23 Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 109 24 Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 100 25 Shobha De, Sultry Days, page 160 26Bhaskar A Shukla, Shobha de The Writer and Feminism, page 114 27 Binod Mishra, Critical Responses to Feminism

Online information system Essay

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYFuture universitys teach unit deliver homework go to both novice and superiors in different argonas of information technology core courses, arts and design, programming languages as well as basic studies manually. Interested individuals enroll in whatsoever of the available courses only by going to the universitys training unit. in addition there is no means of advertising these serve which is vital to those in search of it, somehow there is need for the training center to vex a fully functional corpse that serve the same intend online 24/7.1.2 SITE OF THE labor movementFuture University1.3 NATURE OF THE PROJECT tissue based application1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe significance of the study is that it leave help in designing a placement that volition generate services online to subscribers of training programs. The training unit can also fixate use of the outcome of this study for the purpose of providing effectual and conv enient services to its subscribers. When completed the system will tin the following benefits 1.It will provide user convenience since it can be accessed from anywhere around the human race through the internet. 2.It will serve as a means for the trainers to wait large number of trainees from different locations around the world at a time. 3.The proposed system will provide an advertisement functionality for the global reach of the training unit. 4.The online services will also provide easy access to information.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT2.1.1General problemThere is no online system by which the training unit can advertise its training services in order to gain recognition worldwide. And the records of information is done manually.2.1.2 particularized problem1.Registration of trainees is done manual therefore requiring large amount of constitution work. 2.Bulk amount of papers occupy most of the office space and price a lot of money. 3.The training unit ha s no means of creating cognisance apart from the universitys medium. 4.There is no proper scheduling of courses and this may practise trainees dissatisfaction.2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES2.2.1 General ObjectivesTo develop a web application that will deliver the same services in more efficient and effective way.2.2.2 Specific Objectives1.To include a database system within the application to investment company retrieve, manipulate, secure and save data. 2.To add interactive graphics to support awareness creation on the web as e-advertisement. 3.To develop a faculty that will provide a convenient scheduling for the training.2.3SCOPE AND LIMITATION1.The proposed system will cover the issues of awareness by including advertisement functionality. 2. Subscribers of the training and the trainers hypothetic to have a forum for further discussions but unfortunately that will non be covered in this project. 3.This project will not cover the payment system.2.4 MethodologyTraditional waterfall model.3. PROJECT care3.1 Resources Requirement for DevelopmentFor the purpose of developing the system the following resources are required3.1.1Hardware requirementsThe hardware needed for the development process is a computing machine system with the following specificationHardwareDescriptionProcessorCore i5Random Access MemoryRAM 6GBHard track record 750 GB3.1.2 Software requirementsSoftwareSpecificationServerII expressServer Side Scripting LanguageAsp.netIDEVisual studio 2013 professional for web3.2 Resources Requirement for Deployment3.2.1 Hardware requirementsThe hardware needed for the deployment process is a computer system with the following specification

Effective inroduction Essay

This essay will be assessing how this section forms an stiff introduction to the p locate. Firstly Miller sets the scene. He arrives with describing the backyard of the Keller home, in the outskirts of an Ameri piece of ass town. (pg 3) automatically from this we gather that the play is an American drama. Evidently if you had read previous playwrights by Miller or know his Nationality you would have all ready accomplished the feature of an American play. If not then with-in the first line you ar well informed. Next he states the particular time of year in which the play is set august of our era (pg 3) this suggests the weather would be good- prospecting?Not a cloud (pg 4). It also even goes into further spot informing you of the date and time primordial Sunday morning (pg 3) He then progresses into describing the house and garden here we can already begin to guess the state, and class of the family. The house is two stories high, and has seven rooms (pg 3. ) He then keys t he arrangement of the garden. Garden chairs and a table are mazed around (pg 3) this is genuinely affective as we can imagine a clear picture of where the main conversations and drama will take place. The cash machine is very cheerful and friendly and suggests that the Kellers are a best-selling(predicate) family.This contrasts later on in the play, when we find out they dint always apply to be a popular family due to Joes jail incident, and the fact that the neighbour thought he was a murderer. overly the biggest contrast would be at the end of the play when the tension wouldnt be quiesce anymore, instead it is full of resentment by Chris towards Joe, full of guilt on Joes behalf, and finally after Joes suicide the mood it is upset and dramatic. The characters are then giftd Joe, Chris, and the neighbours. Joes characters first cast is under educated. To see what lot want you know? (pg 4/5), and from the layer directions at the beginning of act one .. terrible concentr ation of the innumerate homosexual(page 3. ) also He asks Dr Bayliss if Frank is Talking sense(pg 6) this suggests he dont take in him, This shows us he doesnt understand peoples ideas, and has a very narrow view of peoples jobs and lively-hoods wanted old dictionaries whats a part passing to do with an old dictionary? (pg 5) This links into him being very cash motivated and materialistic. He cares about money a great enshroud and values everything by its monetary value You besotted hell make a living out of that? (pg 5.)Also we know Joe is very proud and takes good care of his backup, this is proven when Miller sets the scene dialog about the house cost fifteen thousand in the early twenties when it was built (introduction pg 2) this suggests the house is only about 28-30 days old, as it was built in the twenties, and this play was written around two years of WWII ending in 1945. Meaning Keller has bought this house, and is able to provide and support his family indica ting he is a good at his job, and a wealthy business man this is backed up later in the book when he talks to Kate about how he was put out (pg 72) at ten and make to earn for a living.Overall Joe has come from a poorer background, and has managed to work himself up the social ladder. He is not just a serious business man, he is kind and friendly, popular with Bert a young boy he often plays detective games with. Chris is Joes son who is introduced on page 9. in concert Joe and Chris have a conversation where Ann (Chriss wife to be as we find out later on in the play) people describe her as a beautiful girl she is seen as mysterious, which draws in the audience.Also Kate (Joes wife and Chriss mother) who is seen as optimistic and living in hope are referred to, however at the snuff it of Act tercet there is a contrast between Kates idealism and Jims practicality. youre so childish Jim showing she thinks he nai?? ve and immature. This starts the build up of tension in Act Three. Mi ller describes Chris as a man capable of immense affection and loyalty (pg 9 stage directions) forwards the character even speaks the audience already gets a feel that Chris is passing game to be the good-guy in the play.The other characters introduced are Dr Jim Bayliss our first impression of Jim is that he cynical and realistic when talking to Keller about the rain he says he doesnt believe in the papers then it cant (pg 4) Hr is critical and sarcastic of the weather. Jim is very against his son being a repair over my dead body (pg 6) this shows he doesnt enjoy his barter and we find out later that he had tried to follow his breathing in helping humanity, but he couldnt afford to provide for his family.I would love to help humanity on a Warner Brothers salary (pg 7) Again another person who is realistic about money, already we get an impression that one of the themes of the play is money and materialism. This also parallels Joes actions, both men have had to compromise their occupation, and had to do things they regret to earn a living. However there is a huge contrast at the start of Act Three. Jim realizes moneys not everything money. Money-money-money-money, you say it long enough it doesnt mean anything (pg 69) This is a sub-plot in the play. But could this need for money all be down to his wife sue?Sue comes in just as Jim talks about not a damn thing to look at in the neighbour hood (pg 7) an awkward moment to introduce a new character but miller purposely picked this so automatically we can get an idea of Sue and Jims nervous relationship. Sue comes across as jealous she enjoys it more when you tell her to lay down (pg 7) implying one of her husbands clients fancies him. Her jealously is seen more stronger later on in the play when she speaks to Ann about trying to convince Chris in moving away, she can be quite harsh and nasty. She is very money obsessed. This is effectual.

Snake Dance

* Do you respect Jerry for lying to his p arents? Why or why not? Would you do the same in his position? Explain ** on that point are situations for people where it is necessary to lie. These lies are called white lies and usually they are told for good purposes. Therefore often people dont exact upset about these lies. Sometimes,people are in situations where they have to lie. However to a degree the lies a not hurtfull for people. They are told to avoid hurting some other people feelings. For instance in the story Snake Dance Jerry lies to his acquire about his life.He tells her buzz off that he has a scholarship for his football and he doesnt need property. Nonetheless he practises in a milkshake store and sells milkshakes. He lies to his sire because he knows that his mother wouldnt let him send money to her if she knew that Jerry needed the money himself. As a result Jerry lies to her mother so that his mother can afford infirmary charges without worrying about his son. T his means that by lying Jerry aims to make things easier for his mother. Futher much Jerry alike tries to make her mother happy about Jerrys life. An example of this is when Jerry told her mother that his team won the match because of him.This shows that Jerry is trying to make his mother rarefied and cheerfull. This way she would be joyfull herself and she would make lead off joyfull too. Secondly,in situations like Jerrys relation the truth may be more painfull. For example if Jerry told the truth his mother probably would be depressed. Since Pop is sick and Jerry has financial problems life would be twice as hard for her. She would have to think for both Pop and Jerry. As an example she would try to work too and she would be fatigued consequently she wouldnt be able to take care of Pop.Besides she wouldnt except money from Jerry if she knew he needed it. Thus Pops health could have gone worse. Moreover with Jerrys mom intimate the truth Jerrys families life would be more mi sarable,more difficult and more complicated. Consequently,If I was in Jerrys situation I would have through with(p) the same since it means making my mothers life easier. Due to my mothers life I would have lied to because it is more exhausting for a mother to wait after two people than a young man to work and send money to his family. Additionally Jerry had o help to his family for Pops health and the only way he could keep sending money was lying. Thus if I was Jerry I would have done the same because coition the truth can only make life harder for my family. In conclusion,I actualise that Jerry did the right thing by lying to his mother. I strongly believe that the truth would have cause difficulties in Jerrys mothers life. Therefore what Jerry did was idea about his mother more than himself. As a result I think he did the right thing and I respect Jerry for sex act this kind of a white lie to his parents.

World Ciz Essay Chapter One

Agriculture Agriculture was nonice by a coincidence of a discarded trash which carried set outs that later was detect of a type plant which protruded from the ground the trash was thrown. The chapter mentions that it was probably a woman that threw a expressive style the trash and later notice the miracle of the plant that grew from the seed days later. It was from this discovery that later fuel the thought of agriculture, which eventually reached galore(postnominal) parts of the world throughout the coming years.Agriculture not solitary(prenominal) grew In size, but many advances from this trade were discovered and used not only to Improve and Increase the size of growing food from seeds, but It necessitate to other avenues of engineering. However, In any type of new discovery and advances, on that point are disadvantages and challenges encountered. Different tribes throughout the different countries overcame many of these challenges, but there were those that had to chan ge their approach or relocate.Some of the major transformations and advances explored were the ability for seeds to reproduce into plants and food, which these handle had to be attended to in order o maintain fertility, this in turn lead to settlements and the concept of owning property, then other new technologies were demonstrable to fulfill new needs such as storage containers and tools for affect and cultivating food. Throughout the world agriculture lead people to permanent settlements, plot of ground Increasing the crop and creating food sur add-ones.The community of people soon discovered that they storage such as pottery for storing food harvested, metal workers who in any case had specialized roles. The advances that lead from the discovery of agriculture lead to people not going angry and people were able to settle on a certain property for a period of time. Some culture discovered different musical arrangements to cultivate their crops and fields, which lead to prov ide important nutrients that created better crops. angiotensin converting enzyme of these systems mentioned were the three sister.This discovery allowed three types of crops to grown within the similar field, which the roots of each plant in turn, produced nutrients for the maize seeds. This type system is known to put together to make a nutritionally manage meal. Also, with the discovery of other tools, homes and better helter were made for families to settle and live in order to attend to the fields and harvest their crops. This assisted the community in better living conditions and in turn created what was known as the initial towns.The consequences of this advancement negatively was that farming was no more secure than hunter-gatherer Jobs plus had a heavier workload. Due to the environmental wear and tear of their bodies, as rise as their diets were not diverse they suffered from a lot of diseases which lead to them dying(p) at young ages. The positive consequences of far ming would be people began to learnt how to take for better are of themselves by producing vast amounts of food from plants and it was at a comfortable range of their reach.Also, the people around them develop other slipway in nutrition and tools with led to a more developed society. The challenge humans faced due to agriculture development would be sharing the land fairly and evenly. Sometimes a farmer would see how another(prenominal) farmer is able to grow more fruit or vegetables or possible wheat, and eventually they would want to take part of that land so they themselves will be able to grow better food. With the development of governing in place humans were able to overcome this a be more organized with what land people owned and also landmark it fairly.In conclusion, agriculture has definitely had an important role in society development. Without it who knows how huge it would have taken for governments and other guidelines that are in placed nowadays which have creat ed the foundation for things such as law and order. As mentioned, of range development of anything came with challenges which people had to become more diverse in their way of thinking in order to overcome these challenges. With such diversity comes twain positive and negative results.

Effective Management of Job in Post Merger and Acquisition Scenario

RAYAT capital of the United Kingdom COLLEGE SUBJECT- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COURSE- MBA SEMESTER 1 LECTURER SUBMITTED BY SUBMISSION DATE DR. LANGESWARAN SUPRAMANIAN ARSHAD MUHAMMAD 14 DECEMBER 2007 EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF crinkle REDUNDANCIES IN POST MERGER AND ACQUISITION SCENARIO (SERVICE SECTOR) ASSIGNMENT TOPIC 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. MOTIVATION 4. RATIONALE 5. belles-lettres REVIEW 6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7. FURTHER EVOLUTION 8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES rogue NO 3 4 6 9 12 19 19 22 22 1. ABSTRACT This report introduces a applicative model of teaching and development enquires assessment to veer redundancies underscore on employees afterwardsward jointure and accomplishment. The proposed model is competency-based, which onlyows for the incorporation to reduce redundancies in post union situation. When wordiness is the scarcely r give awaye available, employers invariably ol work asidey sensation obliged to assist those bear upon with positive planning mea sealeds for what, at the clock, dismiss seem an uncertain saluteing.However, this is non an easy task. Redundancy usher start be a difficult ordeal, hitting expectant nigh(prenominal) mentally and emotionally and unless professionally passed, employers get out invariably blood short of ? having done complete to really help. Ein truthone deals with tediousness in a distinct focusing. Being make excess bunghole provoke a range of emotions at different beats, including shock, anger, loss, fear, denial or acceptance. Redundancy after M&038A is a risk to all employees, and call for cargonful handling and direction.Less value ar the needs of those left behind. On the analogy of major disasters, they in any case demand meticulous tending to su communicate deleterious effects some(prenominal) to themselves and to their constitutions. The bangment of restructuring, redeployment or verbosity is cardinal, non simply to be clementitarian, or for good public relations, exactly likewise be precedent the effectiveness, vision and commissioning of the organisation that survives is at stake. Survival tips for both the item-by-item and the organisation are indicated. 2. INTRODUCTION Since the late 1980s, the total out keep an eye on of mergers and eruditions (M&038As) has far surpassed the number that travel byred passim the 1960s. Whereas the M&038As doneout the 1960s were mainly callable to unions ming direct with conglome range, the 1980s and mid-nineties has witnessed an increase in M&038As among firms of different sizes and different industry types, Merger and acquisition would maintain embodied strategies directed at gaining competitive advantage and satisfying customers? eeds alship canal confirm benevolent imagery implications, and tactics such as job redesign, multi-skilling, redeployment, training, gainful for exploit, layoffs and downsizing should be specifically directed at im plementing the military personnel resource strategies of organisations. Unfortunately, however, the strategic trustations which should ac caller-out the use of these tactics are lots absent. The old purpose of merging and acquiring sunrise(prenominal) firms is usually to improve boilers suit performance by achieving synergy, or the to a great extent commonly described as the ? + 2 = 5? effect between twain art units that bequeath increase competitive advantage (Weber, 1996). Recent research indicates that these M&038As affirm a negative impact on the economic performance of the clean entity because of homo resource implications intimatelyly redundancies (Tetenbaum, 1999). Therefore, although M&038As are usually extremely well planned out in footing of fiscal and legal aspects, the conclusion that has to be drawn is that these poor results get to come to be attri justed to poor human resource planning.Redundancies after M&038As can be a difficult ordeal, hitting hard b oth mentally and emotionally and unless professionally implemented, employers will invariably fall short of ? having done enough to really help. Redundancy is probably the nigh evocative and fear inducing form of organisational transpose for legion(predicate) workers. individually year in the UK, in that location are oer 200,000 notified redundancies. What is perhaps of more concern is that more organisation merger and acquisition reposition political platforms swallow relied heavily on tediousness til now though they befool been nominate as downsizing or, more euphemistically as regeneratesizing or business process eengineering (Champy, 1995). 4 The essence of research is to explore how well human resources are being managed within organisations and fracture to understand the impacts of organisational change in different sectors and at levels in the organisational hierarchy after merger and acquisition. possess pre- surviveing human resources strategies to cope w ith redundancies after M&038As would reduce the strain on employee and also on organisation.Human resources strategies like up to(p) up consultatory and participative organisationwide discussion to seek out possibilities that minimise redundancies, name sound twain-way heart and soul of discourse which bear employees to freely beam their feelings, with a guaranteed right of response from the organisation, communicate unendingly and effectively, actively label impact, exercise effective leading from the top, ensuring that the pain is shared, interpret a exposed reconciliation of the market and monetary situation, offer immediate hash out and helper to all those set for redundancy set up a vulgar support network for those make redundant and continue to offer human resources help where required are the core tools which can organisations should implement after redundancies in merger and acquisition situation. Mergers are not without their downsides.They can accept an incredible amount of time and money, legal and tax complications, and problems with mixing incarnate cultures and last that not least the redundancies. It has been estimated that fully 50 per centum never achieve the initial financial and market goals projected. Decisions to merge deport that synergy will develop between two organisations that combine resources and endowment and achieve economies of scale and commixd technologies. Whenever two separate organisations merge, they want synergy. distributively side hopes to return from the merger and initially willingly attribute benefit to the opposite. However, synergy does not occur easily or without effort.A merger may change the name of the company and vigilance, but the real benefits occur when hoi polloi ascribe to merged goals and ideals. There were more than 36,700 transactions with a combined value of more than US$3. 49 trillion (Thomson Financial, 2001). The number of jobs that these mergers impacted on has not been estimated, but conservatively it moldiness melt into the hundreds of thousands. For instance, at least 130,000 finance jobs have 5 dis fronted in Hesperian Europe alone as a result of mergers and acquisitions in the 1990s ( supranational Labour Organization, 2001). 3. MOTIVATION Post-merger depression begins the day top executives declare that the merger, of which the just rough obvious is losing ones job. But redundancy after M&038A can be an opportunity for positive change.Time could be spent on self discovery and re-focusing e. g. advancement new people and forming new operative opportunities, meeting merger is done. Employees often expressive umteen fears they are confronted with avocation a relationships, learning new skills, getting over the pain caused by the merger, and setting new goals as well as creating an organisation that is better than the two original separate organisations. Building on rich training, experience, skills, talents and past achievements. W hile accommodating new work / living balance considerations and identifying new and as yet unrealised opportunities that only a fresh start can afford.Explores redundancy after M&038A as a significant and pervasive outcome of organisational change. The need to manage the redundancy transition has provoked the development of new HRM policies and practices. Highlights noises such as redundancies are often used by companies with little rigorous military rating of their utility or benefit, yet their continued proliferation would suggest that they appear to have assumed essential credibility and value. The pervasive and complex nature of actual changes dictates not only the need for a better understanding of the practices that exist but also an exploration of how HRM theory of redundancies can contribute to and promote that understanding.The complexity of the situation for the survivors of redundancy after M&038As mean that no simple formula exists. The variables at play are diverse . It is often difficult to provide cause and effect data, reflected in an overall escape of evaluation. It appears that there have been few report fortunate attempts to implement intervention strategies which support and assist the framework of organisational change after 6 redundancies due to M&038As and in-person transition for both those leaving and the survivors of a redundancy experience. star prime example is BBC model to deal with redundancies, considering that everyones future at the BBC was uncertain during the 2004, including members of the HR department.BBC worked to build in the flexibility to provide as many courses as were needed and to en authoritative that those you were going to do redundant had sufficient clarity close their own occupational groups first, to help them to provide the objectivity that those they were on the job(p) with would need. Suggestions for managing redundancies would be to emboldens organisations to develop strategies which reduce, avoi d or circumscribe redundancy after M seeks to ensure that if redundancy occurs, it is handled in pact with the law seeks to raise awareness of strategies which assist those affected to retain disdain and enhance employability. Redundancy is one of the intimately traumatic events an employee may experience. declaration of redundancies will invariably have an wayward impact on morale, need and productivity. The negative effects can be reduced by irritable handling of redundant employees and those anticipateing.If possible, it is preferable for an organisation to establish a ceremonial procedure on redundancy after merger. In many organisations a formal harmony may have been negotiated and agreed between prudence and trade union or employee representatives. Some organisations deal with redundancies by an light arrangement with a practice which varies for severally redundancy or they may only start to consider the appropriate procedure for the first time when a redundancy situation arises. At the very least in order to plan and implement a redundancy situation properly, the followers stages will be followed in most redundancies o Planning o Invitation of volunteers o Consultation, both collective and individual o Use of verifiable pick criteria 7 Compliance with all three stages of statutory release procedures o Advance notice of individual consultation meeting o Permitting a colleague to be present at consultation meetings o Opportunity to appeal o Allowing seeking of suitable alternative avocation o Statutory or some other redundancy deportment o Relocation expenses o fate redundant employees obtain training or alternative work. Of course the exact procedure varies according to the timescale and size of the redundancy after M. Mergers and acquisitions (M) are increasingly prevalent, powerful and risky bodily events. The metro or support of people in the integration of two previously separate organisations plays a make role for their su ccess or failure. As ? merged corporations integrate previously separate organisations, they can often dis-integrate individual careers with lay-offs, reduced advancement opportunities, upset or changed career plans, and other resistance-generating changes.This is the poorest way of mobilizing motivation, experience, commitment and competence, all of which are usually seen as critical justifications for M in the first place. Organisations face opportunity to rent new conclaves and integrate work in ways that individual careers can be re-integrated into the goals of the M with the goals and motivations of participants affected by it, by recognizing and effectively supporting different motivational and competence profiles. aged management who had been involved in M identified talent retention as their biggest challenge in leading a made merger or acquisition, followed by reservation the deal sire abundant term value.Less skilled firms in the art of M also focused on talent man agement but failed to take a crap the fundamental climate of ownership that recognised the value of faculty. 8 Managing and development talent will prove instrumental for organisations to retain their competitive commit and deal with the twin challenges of leadership and growth. According to new research by Mercer Human Resource Consulting, France, the Netherlands, and the UK have the worst redundancy counterbalance. Based on minimum statutory paid notice and severance pay for a white-collar employee aged 40, made redundant after 10 historic period on a salary of ? 20,000, the average redundancy pay across the EU was ? 11,163.But using the same comparison the redundancy pay would be just ? 5,000 in France and the Netherlands and ? 5,128 in the UK. In Spain and Italy the payment would be ? 25,464 and ? 18,276 respectively, and ? 15,000 for both Belgium and Austria. 4. RATIONALE The rationale for M activity is a key value-added role that the board can and should play. A value-b ased analysis can be strategic rationale of a deal, revealing its true underlying economics. For an acquisition to deliver improved financial performance, it must enhance the strategic topographic point of the acquirers businesses or the targets businesses. More precisely, it must improve either market economics or competitive rig of the business units.No brainer deals that provide great returns by simply eliminating redundancies, achieving a lower cost of capital or lowering tax rates are virtually a thing of the past. So mergers and acquisitions must be justified by dint of the strategic benefits that will be realised. Signs of human stress are present in all combinations, even the friendliest and bestmanaged ones. Manifestations of the merger syndrome appear in all varieties of corporate combination, be they mergers or acquisitions, friendly or hostile, domestic or international, involving companies of similar or different sizes and so on. individualized involvement in organ isational mergers and acquisitions has served to foster an awareness of the various symptoms of the ? merger syndrome?. cardinal such indicators are preoccupation imagining the worst stress reactions crisis management compact communication illusion of control clash of cultures we vs. 9 they superior vs. wanting(p) attack and defend win vs. lose and decisions by coercion, horse trading and default. (Schweiger et al. 1987) cite job security as the most important factor for employees during a merger, followed by pay and benefits, work autonomy, and performance feedback. Research has also indicated that the organisational change process in mergers is usually tightly controlled by management and decisions on job losses are driven solely by the need to reduce numbers (Kanter, 1986). Thus employees are commonly interested not only with job security but also with how pickax decisions are made.Related to this, a number of researchers have shown that perceptions of procedural loveliness are a key factor in determining staff attitudes to, and experience of, merger change. In particular, the perceived fairness of redundancy procedures is reported to impact significantly on the attitudes of the staff that remain in the organisation (Brockner and Greenberg, 1990 Schweiger et al. , 1987, 1994). A number of organisations using a compulsory approach to redundancy selection made the point that once change is known to be active to occur there is more to be gained in impairment of gaining the commitment of key players than in leaving these employees ? in the dark?. superstar organisation held briefing sessions for all its senior managers before the advent of a redundancy programme in order to provide re authorization, and to talk through strategic plans after the redundancies, with all main board directors present to handle questions. This was designed to be apply in nature so that these managers could in turn return to their staff to counter any ? doom and moroseness? suggestions. Managers such as these have been used as the ? ears? of the musical arrangement in order to feed back issues which arise during this period of uncertainty, so that a response can be made by the organization in order to minimize any adverse effects. In spite of these benefits, other organisations stated that they did not reveal plans to anyone outside a very select planning group, fearful that leakage of such development might have more significant negative effects.However, these particular organisations tended to be the ones who bypassed any prior, commonplace observation about intended redundancies, thereby moving to ? phase two? , which is the actual notification of 10 those affected. The disadvantage of this closed and compulsory system is the type of situation referred to at the start of this article. Indeed, this particular organisation did not repeat its experience when it faced the need to undertake a farther round of redundancies this time it declared the n eed to make further custody reductions, requested volunteers and stated that it would only declare compulsory redundancies if there were scant(predicate) volunteers.Reactions related to disbelief, betrayal, loss of motivation, lower morale, mistrust, uncertainty, insecurity and lower commitment to the organization and so on are undoubtedly more pronounced where there is no announcement or indication before the actual notification of those to be made redundant. To summarised the rationales of this report would be, Job redundancies are common phenomena in post merger, lack of secondary data, there is no support, continuity or implementation of the programs like this in any organisation, Collecting information in real time from both participating and non-participating employee groups after redundancies is a contend task, the mono-method bias is another limitation of this study and last but not least the time limit. 11 5. LITERATURE REVIEW Author social classBob Moore 2002 Surviving Title Authors Evaluation Report Evaluation a to compulsory redundancy and several(prenominal) factors contribute to A number of organisations flourishing During successful M. The first is using a Merger or lend a positive mindset approach attainment among all employees and this selection made the point can only start at the top. Senior that once change is known management alignment and to be about to occur there is partnership sets the tone, as more to be gained in terms employees managers look for to their of gaining the commitment and of key players than in direction assurance during this important leaving these employees ? n time. Getting people and the dark?. One organization processes to work together is held briefing sessions for all the only way to make the new its senior managers before company work. A successful the advent of a redundancy management evaluate team should programme in order to each companys provide reassurance, and to ? in the flesh(predicate) best practi ces? and talk through strategic plans incorporate them into the newly after the redundancies, with combined organization. all main board directors Although 75 percent of M present to field questions. dont reach their stated goals of greater financial results, there is a formula designed to encourage success.Attention, time and financial resources must be applied to employees and their work processes, so the new company ends up with a motivated, ? can-do? workforce. 12 Christiane Demers 1999 Merger acquisition and Communications critical role in Poor communication and in the implementation of change is mergers often cited in the literature. intensifies acquisitions stress for announcements as corporate wedding narratives Communication is presented as organisational a tool for distribute members top because of the uncertainty their future. The management intentions and for about preparing context of minds action to a new communication strategies Managers serve to reduce uncertainty, egitimate change to encourage in which both management employee commitment to and employees can voice their opinions, and concerns, provide close at hand(predicate) transformations. desires information. Adrian Furnham 2006 Deciding on One of the occasional tasks of a Senior management who promotions and manager is to decide on who in had been involved in M redundancies their reporting staff to promote identified talent retention as as well as, where applicable, their biggest challenge in who to make redundant. In handsome leading a successful merger organisations guidelines factors there may be or acquisition, followed by concerning to take which making the deal generate into long term value.Less skilled some firms in the art of M also on talent both consideration. Further organisations keep records on focused performance designed to which reduce are management but failed to the score the fundamental subjectivity in these sorts of climate of ownership that decisions. tho this is recognised always because a of difficult the decision staff. and the value of many powerful consequences not only for the individual involved, but also his/her working colleagues and the organisation as a whole. 13 Stephen A. W 1994 Downsizing improve Strategic Position to Planned large scale reductions A successful merger is all in head-count, or redundancies, about cost savings, right? ave become commonplace in Wrong. The most important many industries worldwide. In thing is making sure that the practice many downsizings fail valuable talent from both to achieve desired long-term companies doesnt simply results. Presents results of a march out the door. survey among large Canadian Managers behind the most firms which suggests Examination management some successful mergers and springs. strategic of acquisitions spend as much of time addressing people downsizing reveals weaknesses issues such as desegregation of both planning and cultures, managing talent, knowledge and implemen tation. management of Effective sharing human retaining key people as they esources is a prerequisite but do on cost savings, merging failures often arise from processes, technologies and inattention to other important divisions. aspects of organizational change. Suggests that a wellthought-out strategy should be accompanied innovation, by process re- business engineering and organizational learning. Bob Moore 2004 Surviving and Several factors contribute to Suggestions for managing Thriving During successful M&038As. The first is redundancies would be to a Merger or instilling a positive mindset encourages organisations to strategies avoid or which limit M&038As that if is among all employees and this develop can only start at the top. Senior reduce, management alignment Acquisition and redundancy after ensure artnership sets the tone, as seeks to employees look to their redundancy occurs, it 14 managers for direction and handled in accordance with law seeks of to raise assurance during this important the time. Getting people and awareness strategies processes to work together is which assist those affected the only way to make the new to retain self-respect and company work. A successful enhance management evaluate team each employability. should Redundancy is one of the companys most traumatic events an ?personal best practices? and employee may experience. incorporate them into the newly Announcement combined of organization. redundancies will invariablyAlthough 75 percent of M&038As have an adverse impact on dont reach their stated goals of morale, motivation and greater financial results, there is productivity. a formula designed to encourage success. Attention, time and financial resources must be applied to employees and their work processes, so the new company ends up with a motivated, ? can-do? workforce. Adrian Thornhill 1995 The positive For those organizations which Redundancies after M&038A management of declare redundancy survivors issues lesso ns redundancies without can be an opportunity for prior warning, the effect may positive change. Time could come as a shock to all be spent on self discovery re-focusing e. g. nd employees those who are not and to be made redundant as well as advancement those who are to go. This has opportunities, especially been the case in meeting new people and non-unionized organisations forming new working where there has not been the relationships, legal requirement to undertake learning new skills, getting prior consultation. One financial over the pain caused by the 15 services organisation stated that merger, and setting new this led to a period of shock for goals as well as creating an 24 hours during which work organisation that is better effectively ground to a halt. The than the two original management of the organization separate organisations. hen had to work chop-chop to overcome this effect, through company-wide communication and by demonstrating that those to be made redundant w ould indeed be fairly in treated. unionized prior However, even organisations, where consultation occurs, there may be the feeling that ? little attention has been given to the survivors of redundancy?. Beth Taylor 2002 The right way to There is a maturement awareness Human resources strategies handle redundancies among business leaders that the like open up consultative way an organisation handles and participative redundancies sends out a very organisation-wide strong message about its discussion to seek out corporate ethics and values. possibilities that minimise redundancies, establish ound two-way means of communication which permit employees to freely vent their feelings, with a guaranteed right of reply from the organisation, communicate constantly and effectively. 16 Ridha Khayyat 1998 Al- grooming and The more organizations seek This report excellence, employees the training and and introduces a development needs assessment more practical model of training development to needs reduce on a education becomes imminent. In assessment organisation redundancies practical model contemporary for institutes partner information stress dissemination by employees after merger and itself leads to little or no results. acquisition.The proposed It is the ability to that of the model is competency- organization knowledge disseminate based, which allows for the leads to incorporation to reduce employees skills and abilities redundancies in post merger development. What matters is situation converting technology through people into better organisational performance. One thing which is true about the ordinal century is that the development of human resources is no long-acting an option but a must. Joseph Cangemi 2004 P. Exit strategies Job losses that are the result of A number of organisations mergers, sale of a company, using restructuring, and downsizing as approach organizations profitability in struggle a a to compulsory redundancy or selection made the point h ighly that once change is known competitive corporate world are to be about to occur there is common. The reduction process more to be gained in terms forces organisations to employ a of gaining the commitment variety of exit strategies as they of deal with the most key players than in difficult leaving these employees ? in aspect of downsizing the the dark?. reduction of personnel from their organisation as a means of rapid reduction of expense to 17 the company. Considers some employee-sensitive strategies exit Bryn Jones, 2001 How Redundancies Worsen Inequality Collective redundancy (CR) is The complexity of the erhaps the most central but situation for the survivors of acknowledged employment factor redundancy in means formula that after no M&038As simple The are Social least shaping contemporary Britain. exists. at play The ease with which employers variables can execute CR allows not only diverse. It is often difficult to fairly rapid and to and also of far-reaching provide c ause and effect business data, reflected in an overall working lack of evaluation. It changes organisational practices, redevelopment but prompt appears that there have few reported to companies been financial deficits, as well as successful changes in the skill and implement of strategies attempts intervention which support demographic workforces. profiles nd assist the framework of organisational change after redundancies due to M&038As and personal transition for both those leaving and the survivors of a redundancy experience. 18 6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The original data would be roll up through, principally involving in-depth questioners and interviews with senior human resource practitioners and staff those who made redundant after M&038As in the organisations. Before interviews occurred, these practitioners were supplied with a list of the questions. The ranged from the reasons for redundancies after M&038As through to the impact of redundancies on organisational survivors, and organisational learning points for the future management of redundancies.A schoolwide assessment after redundancies can reveal how a company has emerged from the combination and how ready it is to achieve future goals. Secondary data would be collected by using publicly available information, public domino, Newspapers, Articles on Redundancies after M&038A and International ledgers on this topic. 7. FURTHER EVOLUTION The need to reduce costs is an opportunity critically to review current ways of doing things, to make major improvements using new technology or better methods and build strengths for the future. Reasons for the design of brisk work flows are often conceal in history and reflect yesterday? s crises. Many organisations have found that simply the exercise of mapping their major business processes can suggest dramatic improvements.Redundancies, duplications, inefficiencies and ? disconnects? are common in most processes or systems which have been in operation for a while. Massive reductions after M&038As radically change managerial and workforce attitudes. Individuals no longer trust organisational commitment to long-term employment and morale has suffered in many cases. Corporate psyches have been forced to confront the possibility that growth may not return, and decline may be inevitable. Dealing with these issues effectively is the loss between a company that will continue to suffer the redundancy hangover long after the event and one that can 19 move on swiftly.Companies that manage the process of redundancies after M&038As well in terms of being fair and transparent and in terms of giving a level of support to the employees when theyre leaving, create an environment in which the people who are left behind say ? Well, at least they treated them fairly, and it had to happen for a business reason at least they looked after them and didnt just shove them out the door. The high level of consultation required makes good management horse s ense. ? twain things once the decision has been taken, how an employer conducts himself after that is going to be critical. Its about being responsive to employees giving them an opportunity to have discussions making sure information is available to them.All of that will be seen by employees who remain behind as well. Secondly, the communication process for those who remain is important, making sure theyre not ignored or sidelined just because theyre not part of the programme. They may well feel left out. To this end the following are some of the approaches that may assist ? Have pre-existing human resources strategies to cope with such a situation. These should be open and transparent, subject to far-flung consultation, and equitable. ? An organisation needs to provide a career management social organisation which enhances self-directed skill development. The opportunity to learn the transition skills necessary to career change are thereby created. ?In facing an experience, an o rganisation has to consider the impact on the symbols it has previously used to motivate staff, particularly its sense of mission. ? The management of restructuring, redeployment or redundancy is important, not simply as a humanitarian gesture, or for the sake of good public relations, but also because the effectiveness of the organisation that survives is at stake. ? Open up consultative and participative organisation-wide discussion as soon as danger signs appear. Seek out possibilities that minimise redundancies after merger. 20 ? Establish sound two-way means of communication which permit employees to freely vent their feelings, with a guaranteed right of reply from the organisation. Communicate constantly and effectively, and actively evaluate impact. ?Exercise effective leadership from the top, ensuring that the pain is shared, such as through voluntary salary cuts and the non-awarding or take-up of bonuses. ? Provide a clear reconciliation of the market and financial situatio n, options for amelioration, and the need for job cuts within this. ? Use clear and published criteria to watch the basis for redundancy, arrived at through consultation. ? Set up a mutual support network for those made redundant after M&038As and continue to offer human resources help where required. Offer immediate counselling and assistance to all those identified for redundancy. Organisations should always attempt to avoid redundancies in post merger situation. Ways of doing this include ? ? ? ? ? ?Natural wastage Recruitment arrest Stopping or reducing overtime Offer early loneliness to volunteers (subject to age discrimination issues) Retraining or redeployment Offering existing employees sabbaticals and secondments. 21 8. CONCLUSION Handling redundancies after M&038As is a difficult task where decisions have to be made as to numbers, timing and criteria. The detail should be fully discussed with employee representatives, with the objective of getting agreement about the w ay matters should be handled. 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