Network Design Project

Situation in which the Project Exists: This project is for a residential data communication network. The proposed network is designed to connect 2 workstations and 1 printer. It will provide internet access as well as multiple email addresses. The client has approved an initial investment of $5,000 to implement the networking project. The two workstations will be two HP Pavilion Laptops with AMD Turion II Dual Core Mobile processor, each for $529. 99. The printer will be a PIXMA Wireless multifunction printer/copier/scanner for $99. The client desires to have a mobile network with the ability to work virtually anywhere in the house. The laptops both come with internal wireless adapters, 500gbytes of hard drive space, and they feature 2 processing cores with 2. 2GHz processor speed per core. For multitasking power the laptops come with 4GB DDR2 DIMM memory, expandable to 8GB. The wireless printer prints up to 26ppm in black, and up to 17 ppm in color. It also prints, copies and scans for convenience. The printer also has built-in memory card slots that support various card capacities and sizes. The network will be designed to accommodate the client’s mobility needs and business/operational objectives. We have decided to implement a wireless LAN Architecture to provide the customer with maximum mobility. We have decided to use the Verizon FiOs Network which comes with a wireless router, and downloads up to 50 Mbps and uploads up to 20 Mbps for $139. 95 per month. All Verizon High Speed Internet packages include one account with eight additional sub-accounts, totaling nine accounts. A wireless router is a wireless access point with several other useful functions added. The router converts the signals coming across the Internet connection into a wireless broadcast, and steers data in an intelligent way, eliminating a lot of the sluggishness found in typical peer-to-peer networks. (Networks that don’t have servers are peer-to-peer networks because each computer has equal ranking) Like wired broadband routers, wireless routers also support Internet connection sharing and include firewall technology for improved network security. A key benefit of both wireless routers is scalability. Their strong built-in transceivers are designed to spread a wireless signal throughout the home. A general rule of thumb in home networking says that 802. 11b and 802. 11g WAPs and routers support a range of up to 300 feet, but obstructions in a home such as brick walls and metal frames can reduce the range of a Wi-Fi LAN by 25% or more. The router will be placed in an optimal location away from microwave ovens, 2. 4 GHz cordless phones and garage door openers which can all cause signal interference. In densely populated areas, wireless signals from neighboring homes can sometimes cause signal interference. This happens when both households set conflicting communication channels. When configuring an 802. 11b or 802. 11g router, you can change the channel number used. The default administrator password and username for the router will be immediately changed. All Wi-Fi equipment supports some form of encryption, and we will be using the128-bit WEP Encryption by assigning a WEP passkey. The passkey should be unique and long. For extra security we will be changing the default SSID or network name, which identifies the network. This should also be unique. Most wireless network routers contain the ability to filter devices based on their MAC address. By enabling MAC Address Filtering, this will allow the router to keep track of the MAC addresses of all devices that connect to it, and only allow connections from those devices. The MAC address is a unique identifier for networking hardware such as wireless network adapters. The SSID broadcast feature will be disabled as well. Many wireless routers routinely transmit the WiFi network name (SSID) into open air. This roaming feature is unnecessary as it increases the likelihood someone will try to log in to the network. The two laptops and the wireless printer will all be assigned a static IP address. DHCP will be turned off from the router to prevent network attackers from easily obtaining a valid IP address from the network. The Verizon network router comes with a built-in firewall capacity. Firewall programs can be very effective at keeping intruders out of the network and out of your computer. We will ensure that the router’s firewall is turned on, and for extra protection we will install and run personal firewall software on each computer connected to the router. Next the printer software will be installed on each computer and connectivity will be ensured. Implementation is complete once all nodes are connected to the router and functioning correctly. References http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelesssecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wirelessproducts/a/howtobuildwlan.htm https://www.lifewire.com/home-network-diagrams-4064053

High School Experience

When you start a new school or start a new grade you have all these emotions that run threw your head that may stress you out. When I started high school I had some problems along the way one of the problems I had was getting to school and class on time. Another thing that I had a problem with was all the homework and projects. The last thing that I worried about was making friends. After my first year at Brien McMahon high school I moved across town and went to another school called Norwalk High School. My first year of high school it was really fun and stressful at some points. One of my problems were getting to school and class on time. It was really stressful because the bus would come very early and I would have trouble waking up in the morning. Every first period I was late or missed class it was hurting my grade really bad so I asked my mom if she could bring me to school in the morning. With her bringing me to school it was easier to wake up and get ready for school. My attendance had improved by doing that as well. During the school year I had big problems keeping up with my homework and bringing projects on time. One day I really was tired of getting bad grades so I decided to stay after school and get some extra help for my homework and it help me understand the work a lot better it also help me do better on test and quizzes. When I had a project I would stay after school and get an idea or advice for my project. Staying after school gave me a boost of cofidence in me and my work. After my first year at Brien McMahon I had moved to another school called Norwalk High school. The first week was terrible I didn’t know anybody there which made class very boring. The next week I was in gym class when a group of kids that used to play on my basketball team saw me and made me feel welcomed to the school. I started to sit with them at lunch as the year went by sitting with them I made lots of friends my first year and it ended up being very fun. I graduated at Norwalk high knowing so much people and having a lot of friends when I look back to it im glad I went there and I wouldn’t change it for nothing. When you start a new school or start a new grade you have all these emotions that run threw your head that may stress you out. If you just think about the positive In school you will have a lot of fun and learn a lot. One good reason you should stay in school is because you need a education it will help you in the long run.

Psychology and Association Test Essay

Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior. While students are often required to take experimental psychology courses during undergraduate and graduate school, you should really think of this subject as a methodology rather than a singular area within psychology. Many of these techniques are also used by other subfields of psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social issues. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Do you enjoy researching human behavior? If you have a passion for solving problems or exploring theoretical questions, you might also have a strong interest in a career as an experimental psychologist. Experimental psychologists study a huge range of topics within psychology, including both human and animal behavior. If you’ve ever wanted to learn more about what experimental psychologists do, this career profile can answers some of your basic questions and help you decide if you want to explore this specialty area in greater depth. An experimental psychologist is a type of psychologist who uses scientific methods to collect data and perform research. Experimental psychologists explore an immense range of psychological phenomena, ranging from learning to personality to cognitive processes. The exact type of research an experimental psychologist performs may depend on a number of factors including his or her educational background, interests and area of employment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics:â€Å"Experimental or research psychologists work in university and private research centers and in business, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. They study the behavior of both human beings and animals, such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons. Prominent areas of study in experimental research include motivation, thought, attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior. † Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental methods to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists may work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Experimental psychology is an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. Many experimental psychologists have gone further, and have assumed that all methods of investigation other than experimentation are suspect. In particular, experimental psychologists have been inclined to discount the case study and interview methods as they have been used in clinical and developmental psychology. Since it is a methodological rather than a substantive category, experimental psychology embraces a disparate collection of areas of study. It is usually taken to include the study of perception, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology, the experimental analysis of behavior, and some aspects of physiological psychology. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist and philosopher, known today as the â€Å"Father of Experimental Psychology† Some Famous Experimental Psychologists: Wilhelm Wundt later wrote the Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874), which helped establish experimental procedures in psychological research. After taking a position at the University of Liepzig, Wundt founded the first of only two experimental psychology labs in existence at that time. (Although a third lab already existed – William James established a lab at Harvard, which was focused on offering teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation. G. Stanley Hall founded the first American experimental psychology lab at John Hopkins University). Wundt was associated with the theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection. Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first to scientifically study forgetting. In experiments where is used himself as the subject, Ebbinghaus tested his memory using three-letter nonsense syllables. He relied on such nonsense words because relying on previously known words would have made use of his existing knowledge and associations in his memory. In order to test for new information, Ebbinghaus tested his memory for periods of time ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days. He then published his findings in 1885 in Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. His results, plotted in what is known as the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, revealed a relationship between forgetting and time. Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. Factors such as how the information was learned and how frequently it was rehearsed play a role in how quickly these memories are lost. The forgetting curve also showed that forgetting does not continue to decline until all of the information is lost. At a certain point, the amount of forgetting levels off. What exactly does this mean? It indicates that information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable. In the realm of mental phenomena, experiment and measurement have hitherto been chiefly limited in application to sense perception and to the time relations of mental processes. By means of the following investigations we have tried to go a step farther into the workings of the mind and to submit to an experimental and quantitative treatment the manifestations of memory. The term, memory, is to be taken here in its broadest sense, including Learning, Retention, Association and Reproduction. The principal objections which, as a matter of course, rise against the possibility of such a treatment are discussed in detail in the text and in part have been made objects of investigations. I may therefore ask those who are not already convinced a priori of the impossibility of such an attempt to postpone their decision about its practicability. Gustav Fechner did not call himself a psychologist, some important historians of psychology like Edwin G. Boring consider the experimental rising of this science in Fechner’s work (1979, p. 297). More specifically, it was Fechner’s famous intuition of October 22, 1850 that, according to Boring (quoted by Saul Rosenzweig, 1987), gave opportunity to his work as a psychophysicist (Rosenzweig also remembers that this date that serves as reference to this event, is curiously close to Boring? birthday, October 23rd). In a more concise way, if we think Fechner’s psychophysics work as the junction of a philosophical doctrine (that correlates spirit and matter as aspects of the same being), an experimental methodology (correlating the variations of stimulus and sensations perceived) and an assemblage of mathematical laws (the famous Weber-Fechner law); in addition, the last two aspects are considered especially relevant to the rising of psychology. Nevertheless, to think that the rising of a science is restricted to the establishment of experimental procedure and to a mathematical formalization, is to forget a whole field of questioning in which the instruments created by Fechner could, in the middle of the 19thcentury, overcome some obstacles and answer some questions, notably the ones made by the critic philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Ernst Weber was a German physiologist and Psychologist. He was regarded as a predecessor of experimental psychology and one of the founders of Psychophysics, the branch of psychology that studies the relations between physical stimuli and mental states. He is known chiefly for his work on investigation of subjective sensory response (sensations) to the impact of external physical stimuli: weight, temperature, and pressure. Weber experimentally determined the accuracy of tactile sensations, namely, the distance between two points on the skin, in which a person can perceive two separate touches. He discovered the two-point threshold – the distance on the skin separating two pointed stimulators that is required to experience two rather than one point of stimulation.

Paper analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper analysis - Coursework Example The theory of human motivation and hierarchy of human needs influences nursing by enhancing an understanding of the individual and environmental factors of patients’ medical conditions. For example, in regards to Maslows’ safety needs, some patients go to hospital seeking to be checked whether they have contracted a bacteria from a person who was coughing or sneezing near them. This can be the fear of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a nurse can notice it using the knowledge of this theory and decide on how to reassure the patient of his or her safety (George, 2011). The theory of personality development influences nursing by strengthening nurses’ understanding of patient behavior and development. For example, locomotor theory is Erickson’s theory of personality development that can help pediatricians understand the behavior of children especially their desire to control their body functions and the environment. The theory of personality development like that of Sigmund Freud can help nurses understand sources of certain malignancies that can be evident in patients and hence they can enhances response to such patients’ conditions. Persons who are at different stages of personality development view health factors differently and nurses can use this knowledge for example to invite parent’s monitoring in a child’s condition (MacKenna & Slevin, 2008). Communication theory influences nursing by facilitating compassionate patient care through the use of words and behaviors that demonstrate care and concern for patient’s issues. The theory provides nurses with the knowledge of effective communication that they can use to obtain patient information, use it to understand the patient’s condition and give appropriate feedback. The theory can equip nurses with an understanding of the different patterns and attitudes that are an important element in interpersonal relationships. For example nurses can use the knowledge of

Process or structure of government Research Paper

Process or structure of government - Research Paper Example The head of the government who is the US president share his powers with the Congress and the Judiciary system. These three branches dependent for proper functioning of the government. Being a Federal Constitutional Republic, the United States’ Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The US Democracy is different from other democracies in that every state of the Union holds enough power to make their own reforms as long as they do not go against the Supreme Law, which is the Constitution. The Executive This is the branch that consists of the president, the vice president and fifteen cabinet departments. Every four years, the Americans go to the ballot to elect a president and his running mate who takes the position of the vice president. The president of the US is the commander-in-chief of the U.S Armed Forces and is essentially the leader of the country. It is the duty of the president to recommend legislation to Congress, convene Congress, deliver the state of the Union address to Congress every year. ... The president usually appoints fifteen cabinet members who must be approved by the Senate. The Legislature This is the arm of government tasked with legislating or rather making laws. It was established by Article 1 of the Constitution. Thus the Congress, the collective legislative body consists of the Senate and the House. These two House were established so as to balance the concerns of smaller but more populated states against those of larger but more sparsely ones. Thus the Senate is made up of 100 members known as Senators. Each state is allowed two representatives. However The House of Representatives currently consists of 435 members, with each state’s representation dependent on its population. The two Houses have got unique duties and powers and could be tasked with some specific duties as well. For example a House may initiate legislation that require people to pay taxes and can decide if public officials are to be tried if accused of crime. After every two years, re presentatives are elected. The Senate confirms presidential appointments such as that of ambassadors, cabinet members and federal judges. Federal officials accused of crime are tried by the Senate after the Senate votes to impeach the official. The senate is presided over by the vice president and the election of Senators takes place after every six years. The Judiciary This branch is established by Article 3 of the U.S constitution. However its powers duties nor organization is not spelt out here. This was left to the Congress and Justices of the Court itself to develop the authorities and operations of the entire Judiciary. The Supreme Court Justices are usually nominated by the president and later on approved by a majority of vote of the Senate. Their terms of service are

Analysis of a Healthcare Lawsuit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of a Healthcare Lawsuit - Case Study Example Eric H. Holder Jr., the defendant as the United States Attorney General is directly responsible for the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of the Health Care and Reconciliation amendment passed by the US President Barrack Obama on the 23rd of March 2010 (Mead v. Holder‎, 2011). According to section 1501, it requires every American to buy a health care policy from any private company or institution if he/she can afford to do so. This clause will force thousands of American citizens to forcefully buy an insurance policy from many banks and companies and if they fail to do so and do not pass the individual mandate, they will have to face a penalty and would have to pay the government with a penalty known as the Shared Responsibility payment. This penalty may also be applicable over the individual’s spouse or dependent family members. The payment for the Health Care insurance Policy and the Shared responsibility are excluding taxes. The Shared Responsibility payment, if continued would also continue to increase every year. This law will also be forcefully applied on the 62-year old American Citizen, Miss Margaret Peggy Lee Mead, who is a self-employed Single American citizen living in the State of North Carolina. She also works part time and is not eligible for Medicare. However, Miss Mead is also not under any exemption of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and is also not exempted from the Shared Responsibility payment she would have to pay over the years to the government consequently. The Plaintiff would have to pay a Shared Responsibility Payment of around $3,895 to the government by 2020 in different installments per year if she does not opt for a Health Care and Insurance policy from any private entity as per the individual mandate enforced by the act. Miss Mead is under direct enforcement of the act and is under no exemption. This enforcement would

Project Management for Body Shop Products through Online Channels Research Paper

Project Management for Body Shop Products through Online Channels - Research Paper Example As to retail their strategies they believe in their stores instead of franchise marketing, however, however, an expansion of online shopping strategy may be a requirement for Body Shop as most of the international market is now shrinking into online shopping which is becoming a preference for most customers. Also, there are many websites selling similar products online. Websites do drag a number of customers because of their online marketing. For expanding their brand image and selling possibilities, Body Shop may opt for involving online, print and media marketing strategies which are supposed to provide uplift in the popularity and information of Body Shop and its products. They must also be keen to provide proper investments to online marketing strategies. Key Strategies for Market Expansion Over the last years most of the sale had been targeted to local natives buying from stores. Now, as the online sales have come under main suppositions, Body Shop has to focus on advertising th ough various print and media options enhancing the traffic on their websites. They have to understand that it is surprisingly rare for people to say that IT technology causes project failure or major difficulties, but it is usually project management - or a lack of it - that causes the grief (Roberts). Thus, a proper marketing strategy applied for marketing online, may require a project that bring a new brand image alive. There are a number of key points to be included in project: Body Shop has to look for establishing various hoardings and banners to drag the attentions of passersby and residents maintaining their range and facility to provide their products in the shortest period of time and within an economical range. For enhancing the range through online retailing, Body Shop has to generate their marketing websites including very minute detailing of their products attached with various online visual advertisements focusing the quality, key factors of their products and ease of their services. They also have to rebuild their content stressing their past records and their new strategies. Content is very important because it is chief factor to drag customers attention while online marketing has become a significant part of the marketing mix in many organizations (An introduction to Internet Marketing). To expose their products to new buyers, they have to including numerous options of news papers and magazines that will make their new strategies to expand through print advertisements. For expanding their range of delivery Body Shop have to include more representatives particularly for their online management. Over the recent analysis, Body Shop has to realize that scenario of market has drastically changed after 2005. Previously, most of the customers using Body Shop products were regular customers depending chiefly on their reliable shops and retail store. However, experimental nature is now quite common among the customers. Also there are many random custom ers who believe in ‘giving a try’ to numerous products. Therefore, Body Shop has to design its further planning and managements according to new definitions clientele and market scenarios. Key Plans for Managing the Reformation There are a number of steps to be taken in order to accomplish the renovation of overall market strategies of Body Shop. Even if they have to pay attention to common

Course work 3 ( how the Marketing Communications Mix ) Essay

Course work 3 ( how the Marketing Communications Mix ) - Essay Example Moreover, Versace use their website as the advertising medium. They run separate advertising campaign on their website for fashion accessories and clothing, for both men and women. Versace also brings out its own magazine which keeps their customers informed of the latest trends in the fashion industry. They use their social responsibility efforts in advertising the brand. However, they do not spend money on advertising through the television. Understanding the importance of marketing, the owner tied up with a photographer to bring out the essence of his clothing in all advertisements (GLBTQ, 2002). Direct sales They reach out to the fashion conscious customer directly through Twitter where discussions on fabric, its quality and performance are openly discussed and suggestions/feedback invited. They have already segmented their target customers and know how to reach them. They have also created a string visible profile on the social networking sites and they have also ensured people know where and how to find them on the various networks. As people get connected they exchange view/opinions about the Versace products and this is how they achieve direct sales. The purpose of social media itself is to connect with people and not people connecting with brands. Sales promotions To build confidence among the customers, they offer 30-day money back guarantee (FragranceX, 2011).

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Retail Marketing - Essay Example The emergence and popularity of the free trade policies have facilitated the international expansion of the multinational corporations as the free trade policies have multiplied the opportunities in the international market. In case retailing marketing, the international exposures have paved the way for better market expansions and hence many leading retailers like Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Sainsbury etc have entered many international markets with better opportunities. However, many academics believe that from the very early period of business, the retailers used to go for international business. At presented, the entire process of international trade have become more structured and as retailers have started to open their international divisions and units with multiple retailing stores. The multinational retailers have realized that potential opportunities underlying in the international and development market like China, Middle East, India etc. The process of international retailing bec omes a notable instance during late 1990s. With increasing global competition, many scholars perceive that for long term sustainability, retailers must opt for the internationalisation of their business as some of expert retail analytics have commented that â€Å"by the year 2005....retailer will either be global...or they will be gone† (Lamba, 2002, p.06). This paper will also attempt to present a retailer’s international viability through analysis and discussion. Therefore, as a retailer, India’s retail chain group, Shopper’s Stop has been selected as it does not have international business unit. In order to assess its international viability, an internal analysis of this retailer will be conducted using the value chain model. Next, for international exposition, retailer also needs to understand the basics of international retailing. Hence, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the international retailing and the way to gain the competitive advantages. Moreover, for international retailing expansion, strategic framework must be in according and hence, finally, a set of plausible and relevant recommended strategies will be given followed by a conclusion. 2. Brief Overview about Company: Shopper’s Stop Shopper’s Stop is a popular Indian retail chain and it is primarily India-based retailing company. This retail chain was established on October 07, 1991 and it was founded by the K. Raheja Group of Companies, one of pioneers in hospitality and real estate business. Initially, the retail chain was brand shop and gradually, it a brand store family store for Fashion and Lifestyle. It has experienced a rapid growth in Indian competitive retailing industry and many considered it as â€Å"the highest benchmark for the Indian retail industry†, and moreover, it keeps expanding its business in the domestic market by target the non-catered regional markets (Shoppers Stop Ltd.-a, n.d.). It is an public ltd. Compa ny and listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The company aims to be the top retail company in India in department store category with a set of pre-defined

The messages of An Inspector Calls Essay Example for Free

The messages of An Inspector Calls Essay An Inspector Calls is a classic play written by J B Priestly shortly before World War II ended. The play however, is set in 1912, which is shortly before the First World War. The play is set in an industrial city in the Midlands of 1912 concerns a wealthy industrialist Arthur Birling, the fianci Gerald Croft, The Birling family and an Inspector. It shows how the family each help to destroy a young womans life Eva Smith through their selfish and callous attitudes, which results in her death. The play takes place in the Birlings dining room where the family are celebrating the engagement of Sheila to Mr Gerald Croft. The dining room is the setting in which the whole play takes place in. As the play takes place in one place only the effects can be later seen within the play and dramatised versions as it creates a sense of Claustrophobia amongst audiences as the play becomes more intense later on when the inspector arrives. Arthur Birling believed he was a fair employer paying only what he had to and no more. If asked for a raise he would say it was his duty to keep costs low and prices high. Eva Smith, an employee was sacked with other colleagues seen as a ringleader for going on strike. It is this arrogance that Priestly was concerned about, he conveys Mr Birling as an arrogant, pompous and greedy man with no sympathy for the lower classes. Eva Smith was one of them. Shed had a lot to say, far too much- so she had to go here we see the blindness of Arthur Birling which can, to some extent be related to events in those times. In 1912 people were divided very subjectively into different classes and social groups. Priestly wanted to make audiences aware of the arrogance and in some sense fear in the upper classes for those lower down in the social and economic ladder. Rubbish! If you dont come down sharply on these people, theyd soon be asking for the earth. This quote from Arthur Birling strengthens the statement above and shows that Mr Birling is a selfish man who fuelled by his greed. The reason why the celebration takes place in the first place is because of his daughters engagement to Mr Gerald Croft of Crofts Limited. Through his daughters engagement to Gerald Croft he sees a new business opportunity in the making: And now youve bought us together we may look forward to the time when Crofts and Birlings are no longer competing but are working together- for lower costs and higher prices! This quote shows and presents the question of if Mr Birling was interested in the engagement for sentimental reasons or just for business Your just the type of son-in-law I wanted .

Assessment Of Pharmacology Teaching Nursing Essay

Assessment Of Pharmacology Teaching Nursing Essay Students feedback is an indicator of the success of any teaching methodology followed in a department. AIM/OBJECTIVE: To identify strengths and weaknesses in the current teaching-learning and evaluation methodology in pharmacology using feedback from second MBBS students in Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Questionnaire was designed and finalised after a departmental discussion in concurrence with Medical Education Unit. The study subjects were 115 (2011batch) second-year medical students. They were requested to fill the questionnaire. A 10-item multiple choice questionnaires were used to explore the students opinion on teaching. The questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS: 115 II M.B.B.S students participated and descriptive statistics was used for analysis of data. The analysis revealed 82.82%, 72.17% and 93.64% students interest towards writing classification of drugs, weekly test and viva-voce respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study has h elped us to elicit the student preference regarding pharmacology teaching and its outcome would be helpful in modifying undergraduate pharmacology teaching pattern. KEY WORDS: Medical education, Pharmacology Assessment, Medical school learners. INTRODUCTION: The primary aim of teaching pharmacology to medical students is to train them on rational and scientific basis of therapeutics. Pharmacology teaching is facing a major challenge in the medical science due to constant reformation. Generally, there is a opinion that teaching pharmacology in medical schools has failed to keep in pace with the rapid changes in medical practice. Attempts have been made all over India to make teaching of pharmacology more interesting and relevant (Gitanjali.B.et.al. 2006). To make pharmacology teaching more innovative and interacting learning experience, efforts have been made by formulating new educational strategies to meet the educational objectives. Educational objectives can be evaluated by assessment procedures and timely feedback to achieve the learning goal. In Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Pharmacology teaching comprises mostly of a series of didactic lectures using power point presentations covering general, systemic pharmacology and practical pharmacology which includes animal experiments and clinical pharmacology sessions spread over the academic year. To evaluate the students progress we conduct monthly internal assessment tests consisting of multiple choice questions, essay questions, short notes and ultra short notes for 3 hr time duration including model practical exams conducted twice in a year. Regular viva voce exams follow the monthly internal assessment test to develop their communication and interaction skills. Apart from this regular schedule of assessment, we also introduced a method of assignment on classification of drugs after each system. To reinforce the learning process, we implemented weekly test on the first hour of every week based on the lectures delivered over the previous week. The test was conducted for one hour which covered various portions of the chapter in detail testing the levels of knowledge. After completing the above schedule meticulously, at the end of the year to understand the beneficiaries opinion we planned to collect the students feedback. Currently the students feedback represents the primary means used by different programs to assess their methodology (Richardson B.K.2004). Feedback helps in correcting mistakes, reinforcing good performances and incorporating students view in teaching methodology. It is accepted that reviewing the teaching and evaluation methods by feedback from students and modifying of methodologies accordingly is very important for the undergraduate medical teaching. (Ruth N 2000, Victoroff KZ 2006) Thus the present study is an effort to obtain and analyze critical appraisal on, The student attitude toward teaching and learning pharmacology in Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram. Assessment of pharmacology teaching using student feedback. Methods to improve the teaching of pharmacology. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was designed to obtain feedback and finalized after a departmental discussion with concurrence of Medical Education Unit. The study subjects were 115-second year MBBS students of 2011 batch studying in Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram. All the students enrolled in the study were requested to fill up the questionnaire. The study was conducted at the end of their academic year in Department of Pharmacology. A ten-item multiple choice questionnaires and an open ended question for suggestion were provided to explore the students opinion on teaching and learning methods imparted. The questionnaire was analyzed by two observers. The questionnaire was designed in such a way to assess the knowledge, their attitude and skills developed during their one and half year course in pharmacology. Both the theoretical and practical pharmacology practiced by different methods during their study period were evaluated from the feedback form. Statistics: Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of data. Frequency was shown as percentage. Results: One hundred and fifteen students of II MBBS participated and responded in the questionnaire study. Based on the pattern of studying pharmacology,48.69% studied pharmacology once or twice a week on regular basis and 34.78% opted studying only for monthly tests and viva voce exams which reflects on their regular preparation for monthly internal assessment test(TABLE-1).54.75% of students preferred lecture notes and text books as the source of studying pharmacology. TABLE -1 Majority (87.82%) of students approved writing and maintaining classification of drugs. 53.91% have opined that the assignments had improved in better understanding about the different classes of drugs.43.47% of them have reported its usefulness to memorize and reproduce in the test and also to apply in their clinical postings. Among the assessment methods, 54.78% of students favored monthly internal assessment test for their significant improvement in their academic performance. In the weekly test conducted, 72.17% of students found weekly lectures correlating with weekly tests, 51.30% of students mentioned that the true or false part of the weekly tests created interest (TABLE-2). TABLE-2 Majority (66.95%) of students preferred regular tests in clinical pharmacology sessions when compared to the experimental pharmacology. Most (93.64%) of the students have mentioned regular viva-voce exams following monthly internal assessment test had improved their communication skills. Among the teaching learning methods practiced, 52.17% of students preferred theory lectures followed by clinical pharmacology sessions 46.95% and group discussions 45.21%(TABLE-3). TABLE-3 Discussion: Feedback is defined as a response within a system that influences continuous activity or productivity of that system. In the present study on educational context, it would mean a response from the learner about the teaching learning process. Feedback is essential to find out the effectiveness of the process, the need to change it, as well as, to evolve strategy for its improvement. From the feedback evaluation obtained, it is observed that students like to study pharmacology by regular test / viva and interactive classes so by these way students understand the subject properly (Nilesh Chavda 2011 et.al). This is very much correlating in the present study feedback results. It was found that students preferred writing and maintaining classification of drugs throughout their academic year, which were corrected periodically by the faculty, who played the role of mentor for the given group of students to cultivate and sustain the habit. Writing classification of drugs by medical school learners has helped them to understand the different classes of drugs and also to systematically memorize and reproduce in the written test as well as the knowledge application in clinical rotations (TABLE-4). TABLE-4 Students opined that monthly internal assessment test was mostly useful than the weekly written test for their academic performance in theory exams, the reason for the following may be monthly internal assessment pattern is similar to that of university examination. The weekly written test has definitely kept the students in pace with the portions being completed every week. By answering the weekly test their preparation, facing and performing monthly internal assessment had become extremely comfortable and confident . The weekly test had various parts, students considered true or false part of the weekly test has created interested in them, the fact to get such a feedback may be the chances of getting the wrong answer is only 50%. Also they have mentioned that, Match the following with extended responses have stimulated their thought process to find the correct response. The feedback also emphasized the students interest towards more interactive sessions on Clinical pharmacology exe rcises and felt it should be given regular emphasis than the animal experiments. According to Gibbs G et al, 1987 active review during the lecture, involving students in structured discussions, using questionnaires and asking them to summarize are the three most important things to be followed and practiced for a effective teaching-learning process. To conclude though the teaching learning method implemented in the present study required a lot of strenuous hard work from the faculty particularly preparing questions, organizing test and more importantly correcting all the papers in a week period, it has created an interest in learning pharmacology among students. The feedback from learners has clearly exhibited their likeliness for the variety or different methodological approach instead of regular didactic lectures offered by the department of Pharmacology. Acknowledgements: We sincerely thank our II M.B.B.S Students of Meenakshi Medical College Research Institute (GRIFFINZ) for the participation

Different Views About Test Anxiety Psychology Essay

Different Views About Test Anxiety Psychology Essay Walter (2002) describes test as an intentional capacity to explore the interest level, information, ability and tasks achievement. According to Cronbach, (1980) a test is an organized method for weigh against the behavior of two or more people. According to (Cronbach, 1980) A test is an organized method for weigh against the behavior of two or more people. There are varieties of tests which include the following:- 1. Aptitude tests 2. Tests of developed abilities 3. Achievement tests 4. Mental ability tests And much other kind of tests are prepared and organized to evaluate the students abilities and academic performance. Aptitude tests are organized in order to look for the talent and passion of the students in the required field. Tests are also conducted for the skills to check that had been taught, on the other hand achievement tests are required to ,,,,,,,. Definition of Anxiety: Cohen, (1981) stated Anxiety as a basic human passion that was acknowledged even before 5000 years ago ,whereas The British poet W. H. Auden called the 20th the age of anxiety. Crooks and Stein (1988) say that Anxiety is described as feelings of worry, hesitation, nervousness and fear that go along with the commencement of the sensitive nervous system that arouses bodily changes like blood pressure, fast heart beating, perspiration, cramps etc. Test anxiety These days students are facing number of problems and one of the common problems faced by students is tests that cause anxiety. When students are afraid and feel that they will not be able to perform good in their exams that is test anxiety. Test anxiety is a major problem of students at undergraduate level. Students frequently undergo with anxiety that hold up students learning and test taking abilities to the level that students academic performance is affected badly. Students might have prepared efficiently and competent enough to take test but cognitive anxiety engages students in anxiety provoking thoughts such as fear of failure, or wish to do extraordinarily good, they perform poor. Every student want to score good in their exams.students works hard and puts in their efforts to attain their goal.few of students gets reward in terms of good academic performance and results for their efforts they have done but other students don t care about it.hence teachers and counselors making great efforts to help out their students to improve their grades and CGPAs. (Roberts Saxe, 1982) says that Anxiety influence people in different ways and situations. In educational environments, anxiety might have significant negative impact on cognitive performance, (Tremblay, Gardner, Heipel, 2000) presentation and achievement, (Lalonde Gardner, 1993) knowledge. Tests plays significant part in our everyday life. An important fact that tests have proven to raise strong anxiety and test anxiety has turned out to be a common modern problem (Spielberger Vagg, 1995; Sarason, 1959) Aderson, (2002) says Test anxiety is describes as a kind of anxiety of performance, a sensation that student have for the coming test, in which performance is essential to the person. Definition of test anxiety According to Zeidner, (1998) the set of physiological, phenomenological and behavioral retorts which go with related possible negative failure or results on a test or alike evaluative circumstances is called anxiety. Sarason, (1988) stated that Anxiety is a natural emotion which has fear and uncertainty that usually happens when a person feels any threat that will hurt his ego or self esteem. Set of phenomenological, physiological, and behavioral responses that accompany concern about possible negative consequences or failure on an exam or similar evaluative situation(Zeidner, 1998, p.17). Goonan (2003) stated test anxiety as test anxiety differs from general feelings of anxiety ,it is a specific form of psychological disorder that involves extensive amounts of fear, worry and fear of negative evaluation during or in anticipation of performance or evaluative situations(p.4). It has been defined by many authors, like Dusek (1980) Defined test anxiety as An unpleasant feeling or emotional state that has physiological and behavioral concomitants and that is experienced in formal testing or other evaluative situations.(p.88). Manifestations of anxiety: (Cohen, 1980), has given us four manifestations of anxiety, given as under: Somatic in physical responses 2 Affective in emotions 3 Cognitive in thoughts 4 Motor in actions In cognitive manifestations, it might fluctuate from little worry to fear. Brutal assault could take passion of awaiting disaster, obsession, faces difficulty in sleeping, lack of attention and taking decisions, In motor manifestation, behaviors are frequently exaggerated, worried students shows arbitrary actions that vary from trembling to shaking of the whole skeleton. Complete variety of behaviors like agitation, squirming, fits, nail biting, lip biting, and nervousness could be seen. In somatic changes,changes might come like trivial breathing, dry mouth, cold body, urination, heartbeat, blood pressure. cramps.etc (Antonovsky, 1980).say that Affective domain is the prominent anxiety manifestation. In this situation, students feel persistently nervous and anxious about threats, regardless of the fact thats things are going fine. Psychomotor and academic mistakes, mental performance, that can divert attention and remembrance, and all this occurs due to anxiety which has horrible impacts. However, it is stated by some psychologists verify that anxiety provide motivational purpose Facilitating and Debilitating effects of test anxiety. Meichenbaum Butler(1980) commented about the difficulty and complications of test anxiety and how it influence the students performance: We think test anxiety is more than physiological arousal, more than negative self preoccupation, more than poor study habits, and more than a deficit in stress-related coping skills. In fact, we think it is more than a combination of these factors (p.188). According to Hill Wigfeild (1984) say for many studies have been conducted on the consequences created by test anxiety on students performance. In addition, the connection between performance and anxiety is very significant and composite. Scovel, (1978) have explained two types of anxiety : Facilitating anxiety Debilitating anxiety Scovel (1978) further defines these two types of anxiety and says that facilitating anxiety arouses students to confidently handle the problems and troubles, and to welcome the challenges that come forth. Whereas debilitating anxiety seems to damage students learning results and weakens the required confidence.consquently students affected by debilitating anxiety seems to think inactively and shun failure. Students have Facilitating effects and debilitating effects due to test anxiety describes above. Tryon,(1980) says that Debilitating impact of test anxiety on learning in different cases seems to have spoiled the performance in tests due to test anxiety. Students come across with these debilitating impacts in various forms which damages the students performance in different ways, by worry, hesitation, disbelief and by dropping contribution Models of Test Anxiety There are two models of test anxiety that increases the spectrum of test anxiety. Two models were developed to report the causes of test anxiety. The interference model The skill deficit model. The Interference Model In interference model (Wine 1980; Sarason 1986) says that students having high levels of test anxiety hinder the capacity to recollect the learned information. Interference model covers the Cognitive feature of test anxiety. Benjamin et.al., (1981) described that students have definite ability of processing data and test anxiety may hinder students concentration to use their energy on the retrival of material that they have learned in the testing situations. When the test anxiety will reach to its peak, it will absorb the students processing ability, which will take up the ability that is needed for the tasks. When students dont have the ability of cognitive processing they needed on the spot, it means that the ability has been taken up by the anxiety that interferes learning. Sarson (1984) says that A cognitive interference may be the key factor in lowering the performance of highly test anxious people (p.931). Tobias (1980), says that as students are influenced by cognitive test anxiety, which results in to distract their attention and requires more ability to utilize educational skills. Therefore such kinds of reasons are ascribed to students feeling anxious and it might reduce students performance. Learning is not a problem rather interference with recovery. Wine (1980) says that students having high test anxiety among cognitive ability among giving attention to the task and the attention is given to the cognitions that are not relevant with the task. Both of these factors hinder the capacity to recall and confined the capacity to employ in organized thinking . These points might give description why students by high test anxiety can normally do better on objective/MCQ than on subjective exams where the earlier needs to recall less. Benjamin et, al., (1981) and Tobias (1985) experienced that capable and intelligent students might have done their preparation, yet they will encounter high test anxiety, that confine the thinking process, hinder recalling materials and inhibit to use the techniques to perform well on test. The Skills deficit Model: Hill Wigfields (1984) skill deficit model does not have any direct relationship with test anxiety at first look. Though it tells what activate and produces test anxiety. It permits to know the connection of skill deficit model of test anxiety and poor academic performance. Rather believing that ability to recover data is affected due to interference model, skill deficit model have different point of view.indeed, this gives us the view that students poor academic performance is ascribed with the poor test preparation in learning skills or due to lack of test taking abilities. Hill Wigfield (1984) proposed that the skill deficit model offer reasonable explanation on unforeseen performance of students .the skill deficit model engages two kinds of deficits that endanger the performance of the students, one of them is Learning ability and the second one is Lack of test taking ability. Poor results in academics performance is due to Unsatisfactory preparation before tests came, causes.in addition acquisition problems,problems in remembering and memorizing or retrieving data at initial place. Whereas lack of ability to attempt the test also put in high test anxious students to perform poor ,although students are conscious of their inability of taking test. The skill deficit model says that students with high test anxiety faces problems in learning and arranging learning materials and that gives poor results in performance. (Tobias 1985 ; Naveh -Benjamin, McKeachie and Lin 1987; Birenbaum and Pinku 1997). In spite of, giving different explanations, the skill deficit and interference models may be balancing for each other(Tobias 1985; Birenbaum and Pinku 1997 ).they have suggested different kind of students in addition with different levels of test performance. Students having good learning and organizing abilities, together with low test anxiety ought to do good as they have learned the tests and they do not come across with the difficulty to recall. Whereas other students have the capacity and they learn the test but could not recall in evaluative situations and settings, and when tasks requires more cognitive capacity than they have. yet other fall short to learn and organize materials thats why they perform poor whether they are in test situation and test design. Most of the researchers who hold this model (e.g. Wittmaier, 1972; Desiderato Kokinen, 1969; Culler Holahan, 1980) say those students who show poor academic performance are because of their bad study habits and lack of interest in preparing for their exams. These kinds of students are conscious enough of their study behavior thats why they dont expect good results. These kinds of attitudes amplify anxiety which results in poor academic performance. When students see their academic skills are in enough, they feel anxious and show poor performance. Levels of Test Anxiety: Swanosn and Howell (1996) define the three levels of test anxiety given as under: Low levels test anxiety Moderate test anxiety High test anxiety Spielberger and Sarason,( 1989) further states about the high level test anxiety that helps in the growth the students with low inspiration, lacking academic abilities, lacking use of different techniques for taking test, hopelessness, cheating, carelessness, and thinking negative about himself and lack of attention. It is said students with both high and low levels of test anxiety show good academic performance whereas students with moderate anxiety level perform well. Spielberger and Sarason,( 1989) view and identified three levels of test anxiety .John and Kenneth (1982) says ,students with high level test anxiety badly get in the way with all kinds of performances,and normally students with moderate and low level anxiety helps in improving performance. Components of Test Anxiety (Sarson sarson, 1990) has stated three main components: Cognitive Affective Behavioral Cognitive component: In cognitive view, students having test anxiety due to absence of self confidence.they are surrounded by negative feelings, and feeling incapable of their educational ability and academic skills.(Zeidner, 1998) adds and says, students mostly exaggerate the possible negative results and undergo self-reliant in testing situations. if students want to have good results they should avoid negative thinking. Affective component: In affective view, (Zeidner, 1998) Test anxiety raise some physiological reactions like, fast heart beating, nausea, urination and raises perspiration, stretching of muscles, feeling thirsty, shivering and cold hands. With physiological reactions, emotions like failure threat, worry, might be there. When students are fail to manage their emotions, they feel pressure, tension, fear, thus create more hard and tricky for students to focus. The bodily signs that students feel when they are going through anxiety are linked with the supposed responses to fear and tension. Important physical functions like heart beating, breathing, or rapidity of other body functions, saliva secretions, flow of blood. Students undergo different kind of physical feelings together with nausea, vomiting, cramps in body, feeling dizzy, shivering, and stiffness of joints. Behavioural component: Behaviorally test anxious students states anxiety through reluctance and ineffective learning and test taking ability. Zeidner (1998) says that might test anxious students take more time and problem in assessing information or feel tired during test because of weak students or they are weak in health. State and Trait Anxiety: Spielberger(1972-1983),gave the concept of state and trait anxiety .He described state anxiety as Transitory emotional state or condition of the human organism that is characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of tension and apprehension, and heightened autonomic nervous system activity. Spielberger further states about trait anxiety that Trait anxiety denotes relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness and refers to a general tendency to respond with anxiety to perceived threats in the environment.(48) School psychologists have been using state and trait anxiety in 21st century which was introduced by Spielberger in 1972.State anxiety means when horrible feelings and emotions of fear are aroused in danger, whether mentally or bodily. State anxiety is assumes a cognitive insight and judgment of danger, so as to students should know at a stage that particular situation is dangerous. Normally youngsters undergo less anxiety once they are out of hectic occasion is gone. On the other hand, trait anxiety is characteristic of a personality, an ability to encounter state anxiety when came across any difficult situation and danger. but this is different and varies from person to person. Eysenck and Eysenck (1991) describes that high level trait anxiety is strongly associated to neuroticism Terry (1998) tells about the numerous symptoms that shows students test anxiety. following is the symptoms of test anxiety. Emotional reactions such as crying, sensitive hair trigger responses, irritability, excess giggling, sudden changes of expression and general unrest. Bodily manifestation like stomach aches, headache, urination, fatigue, abundant sweating. Dangerous behaviors, like, carelessness, and self defamation. Anxious symptom, such as edgy marks, biting nail, too much blinking, hair chew, finger sucking, swinging action. Misconduct and violence, like breaking pencils, shows anger, slangs language is used, fighting, hounding and destructiveness. Bad exertion routine, for example, day-dreaming, incompetence, dishonesty and absence of attention. Looking for attention: adolescent behaviors, looking for appraisal and positive remarks, demands for attention, construction of weird stories, nonstop curiosity and asking about things around, stick to the teacher, performing. Causes of test anxiety: On the self-defeating consequences of subjective cognitions (Ellsworth Smith, 1988; Lazarus, 1991) suggest that poorer self-beliefs are a major cause of test anxiety. Perceive examinations as more dangerous or threatening and experience more intense levels of state anxiety when taking tests (Spielberger Vagg, 1995, p.6). D Arcylyness, (2004) outlined the following as the causes of test anxiety: a. Lack of preparation by 1 Cramming the night before the test 2 Poor time management 3 Failure to organize test information 4 Poor study habits b. Worry about the following: 1. Past performance on examination 2. How friends and other students are doing 3. The negative consequences of failure. The effects of anxiety on different situations: In different ways the anxiety influences on different kind of human beings. According to Roberts Saxe, (1982) anxiety may affect cognitive functioning badly in any kind of academic setting. Lalonde Gardner, (1993) includes that learning might be affected by anxiety where as Tremblay, Gardner, Heipel, (2000) state that anxiety may affect on performance and success. During specific situation when the manners of apprehension, tension and dread are perceived consciously, it is called General state anxiety which is also called physiological arousal (Endler Kocovski, 2001). Wine (1980) says that the effects anxietyon performance is prominent because of having unbearable impacts on cognitive process. Tremblay, (1998) argues that mostly people are affected through cognitive biases with General trait anxiety which is a firm tendency towards anxiety.Class and test anxiety along with statistics anxiety come into the vast umbrella of Trait anxiety in the view point of (Walsh Ugumba-Agwunobi, 2002). 2.1 Cognitive Style Thinking and perceiving, problem solving and remembering , all these types of actions are considered under the umbrella of cognitive style as has been described by McKay, Fischler Dunn, (2003) as are considered to be trait-like, relatively stable characteristics of individuals, whereas learning strategies are more state-drivenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Cassidy (2004) states that there are many cognitive style typologies from which we give preference to Ridings Cognitive Style Analysis [Riding,2001] because of more vital implications. According to Sadler Riding, (1999) construct of cognitive is more important whether learning style has less importance. The real mode of information processing, cognitive style and their mutual relationship is significant and strengthened to a large extent. 2.2 Cognitive Processing Efficiency The cognitive processing parameters (Demetriou Kazi, 2001; Demetriou et al., 1993]) that have been included in our model are: a- Control of processing (to indicate the relevant and irrelevant information) b- Speed of processing (speed in the given instruction might be accurately executed), c- Working memory span (to hold and integrating different information till the solution of a problem) d- Visual attention (based on the empirically validated assumption that when a person is performing a cognitive task while watching something). According to Baddeley, (1992) all these tasks are measured in shortest possible time span while the working memory span test focuses on the visuospatial sketch pad sub-component and this all is done comfortably. 2.3 Emotional Processing Emotional processing consists of two types: Emotional Arousal: The capability of human being to feel and experience specific emotional circumstances, Emotion Regulation: The process of having perception and control of individual over his emotions. In the view point of Cassady (2004), anxiety is the major thing in the term of behavior which indicates the arousal of various kind of emotions and it has strong relation with academic performance. Also, it is related with performance in computer mediated learning procedures (Chang, 2005; Smith Caputi, 2007). Users trait anxiety could be measured (Spielberger, 1983), and their application specific anxiety, which in the case of e-learning is named as Cognitive Test Anxiety (Cassady Johnson, 2002) In the term of construct of emotional regulation used by us also comes into the concepts of Emotional Control (emotional management, self-awareness, self-motivation)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Goleman, 1995; Salovey Mayer, 1990), and Self Efficacy (Bandura, 1994), Emotional Expression and Emotional experience (Halberstadt, 2005). Lekkas et al, (2007) argues that we can evaluate the affectional responses of enhancing and lessening the learning abilities through measuring the levels of Anxiety with emotional regulation. Factors of Test Anxiety: According to competitive anxiety research (Gould et al., 1984; Burton, 1988). Cognitive (worry) anxiety factor has strong imprints on the achievement of the student then the somatic (emotionality) component. Test anxiety has two main components described by Liebert and Morris (1967) that is worry and emotionality. Worry is conceived as cognitive importance related to tests and test performance. These concerns revolve in the region of negative cognitions, like fixation with the test results and performance. Strong negative penalties like failure, underachievement and evaluation of students skills to others. Academic performance: Phillips and Endler, (1982) say that Academic performance usually depends on students how they make their connections with the academic environment. It is believed that students who are intelligent will be relaxed and less threat full .But these students do have fear of examination. Okebukola and Jegede, (1989) its teachers responsibility to prepare their students to show good academic results as well as to enable them to respond to different academic needs that has impact on academic performance. Relationship between anxiety and academic performance: Roberts Saxe, (1982) say that Anxiety influences people in different ways and situations. In educational environments, anxiety might have significant negative impact on cognitive performance, (Tremblay, Gardner, Heipel, 2000) presentation and achievement, (Lalonde Gardner, 1993) knowledge. Endler Kocovski, (2001) stated that Common state anxiety is a physical stimulation and a deliberately supposed way of hesitation, fear, and stress through a particular moment. (Wine, 1980) describes that, this influence the performance as it has strong effects on cognitive course. Tremblay, (1998) Cognitive biases influence people with common trait anxiety, a steady tendency towards anxiety. Than it have an effect on people who are not anxious. According to Scovel (1978) there is a positive connection between performance and test anxiety. Test anxiety is in fact useful and facilitating as students remained alarmed and conscious. McDonald (2001) describes more connection between levels of performance and test anxiety that will show the arch like a reversed U figure, showing to the best anxiety point. It could be said that when anxiety reaches to the best quantity, it could produce constructive results known to us as facilitating test anxiety. This type and amount of anxiety is useful for students to give attention to their work, and feel himself completely challenged. In contrast, over and small test anxiety will produce tension, constant worry, anxiety and strain or students reluctance, will result in poor performance. Test Anxiety in relation to gender (sex) Research on students educational performance has received significant concentration. Number of researches had been done in the area on the level of anxiety on test anxiety between female and male students academic performance. Walsh, Engbreton and O Brien (1988) performed two researches at the same time to identify whether there is relationship between test anxiety and academic performance as it influences the gender. Researcher collected the data and the Sample were consists of (57 females 46 males,) and total 103 undergraduate students for first research and (52 females 42 males) and total 94 undergraduate students for the second research. Test anxiety findings were correlated with the students Grade Point Averages (GPAs). When the data was analysis, there was negative correlation present between test anxiety and academic performance. Thus negative relationship was found which was more for females and less for males. Daniels and Hewitt (1987), finds if there is correlation between academic performance and test anxiety with gender view. The sample was composed of data (21 males 27 females) and got their scores of test anxiety. When data was examined, it was found that females had high test anxiety as compared with males however they didnt find any major variation of gender in respect of the negative correlation between academic performance and test anxity.it means,that test anxiety has unpleasant effects on academic performance but it didn show any major affect of one gender more than the other. The findings have shown that females undergo high test anxiety as compare to males when measure their test anxiety ,like wise Sarason (1987),Spielberger(1980) and taylor (1998) have found that females have scored high mean score on test anxiety when compared with males.

The Protestant Reformation Essays -- European History Religion Papers

The Protestant Reformation Introduction The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century is one of the most complex movements in European history since the fall of the Roman Empire. The Reformation truly ends the Middle Ages and begins a new era in the history of Western Civilization. The Reformation ended the religious unity of Europe and ushered in 150 years of religious warfare. By the time the conflicts had ended, the political and social geography in the west had fundamentally changed. The Reformation would have been revolutionary enough of itself, but it coincided in time with the opening of the Western Hemisphere to the Europeans and the development of firearms as effective field weapons. It coincided, too, with the spread of Renaissance ideals from Italy and the first stirrings of the Scientific Revolution. Taken together, these developments transformed Europe. Causes of the Reformation Many bishops and abbots (especially in countries where they were also territorial princes) bore themselves as secular rulers rather than as servants of the Church. Many members of cathedral chapters and other beneficed ecclesiastics were chiefly concerned with their income and how to increase it, especially by uniting several prebends (even episcopal sees) in the hands of one person, who thus enjoyed a larger income and greater power. Luxury prevailed widely among the higher clergy, while the lower clergy were often oppressed. The scientific and ascetic training of the clergy left much to be desired, the moral standard of many being very low, and the practice of celibacy not everywhere observed. Not less serious was the condition of many monasteries of men, and even of women (which were often homes for the unmarried daughte... ...s did not have to be run by a religious leader or Monarchist and that a person’s life did not have to be centered on religion or the afterlife. If it were not for the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the world we live in now would be a much different place. The Protestant Reformation was a major building block of history, and some would say our country. Bibliography: Works Cited Birch, David. Early Reformation English Polemics. Austria: University of Salzburg, 1983. Dickens, A.G. The English Reformation. London: BT Batsford Ltd, 1989. Rex, Richard. Henry VIII and the English Reformation. London: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1993. Scarisbrick, J.J. The Reformation and the English People. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd, 1984. Tyacke, Nicholas. England’s Long Reformation 1500-1600. London: UCL Press, 1998.

Sin, Alienation, and Love in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay examp

The Scarlet Letter: The Themes of Sin, Alienation, and Love    The Puritans, a religious group in New England in the early 1600’s, interpreted the Bible form a fundamentalist perspective and strove to attain a sinless society.   Of course, people are human and sins are inevitable so the Puritans sinned and their perfect society was never achieved.  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter develops the themes of sin, alienation, and love to provide valuable insights into the traditional beliefs of the Puritans and provide valuable and timeless moral insigts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Hester Prynne goes against the Puritan ways and commits the sinful act of adultery.   The townspeople often talk about Hester amongst themselves in the marketplace, â€Å"This woman has brought us shame†, for her sin brings them much grief (99).   For this irrevocably harsh sin the town magistrates sentence Hester to wear the scarlet letter ‘A’ as a constant reminder of her sin, and for all to recognize her as an adulteress.   Pearl is the incarnation of her mother’s sin.   Pearl, her mother’s sole joy and at the same time a constant reminder of her sin, gives reference to Hester’s shameful badge.   Pearl was not conceived out of sin, but rather brought up amidst defying associations.   As a direct consequence of Hester’s sinful passions she conceives a child, Pearl.   Not an evil child in the true sense of the world, but in all actuality Pearl is a reflection of her parents’ love and immorality.   Further, Dimmesdale lacks the courage to confess his sin for he cares more for his social reputation as a man of God. It becomes apparent that â€Å"Some me... ...s apparent in the novel.   Still important in today’s society, Hawthorne explores many ideas in The Scarlet Letter that frequently recur in other literary works.   This novel, set in the days of the Puritans, reveals a lot about their regulations, concepts, and toleration of immoral and unlawful acts.   Puritans have strict rules against the theater, religious music, sensuous poetry, frivolous dress, and many other things that the characters in this novel partake in.   The Scarlet Letter, a romance set 200 years before Hawthorne’s time, is a historical novel about Puritan Boston.   The Scarlet Letter thus becomes a discussion of historical events in which people break society’s rules and the outcomes of these events.   Viewing it in this light the novel describes Hester, a woman who let her heart rule over her head and suffers the consequences. Sin, Alienation, and Love in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter Essay examp The Scarlet Letter: The Themes of Sin, Alienation, and Love    The Puritans, a religious group in New England in the early 1600’s, interpreted the Bible form a fundamentalist perspective and strove to attain a sinless society.   Of course, people are human and sins are inevitable so the Puritans sinned and their perfect society was never achieved.  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter develops the themes of sin, alienation, and love to provide valuable insights into the traditional beliefs of the Puritans and provide valuable and timeless moral insigts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Hester Prynne goes against the Puritan ways and commits the sinful act of adultery.   The townspeople often talk about Hester amongst themselves in the marketplace, â€Å"This woman has brought us shame†, for her sin brings them much grief (99).   For this irrevocably harsh sin the town magistrates sentence Hester to wear the scarlet letter ‘A’ as a constant reminder of her sin, and for all to recognize her as an adulteress.   Pearl is the incarnation of her mother’s sin.   Pearl, her mother’s sole joy and at the same time a constant reminder of her sin, gives reference to Hester’s shameful badge.   Pearl was not conceived out of sin, but rather brought up amidst defying associations.   As a direct consequence of Hester’s sinful passions she conceives a child, Pearl.   Not an evil child in the true sense of the world, but in all actuality Pearl is a reflection of her parents’ love and immorality.   Further, Dimmesdale lacks the courage to confess his sin for he cares more for his social reputation as a man of God. It becomes apparent that â€Å"Some me... ...s apparent in the novel.   Still important in today’s society, Hawthorne explores many ideas in The Scarlet Letter that frequently recur in other literary works.   This novel, set in the days of the Puritans, reveals a lot about their regulations, concepts, and toleration of immoral and unlawful acts.   Puritans have strict rules against the theater, religious music, sensuous poetry, frivolous dress, and many other things that the characters in this novel partake in.   The Scarlet Letter, a romance set 200 years before Hawthorne’s time, is a historical novel about Puritan Boston.   The Scarlet Letter thus becomes a discussion of historical events in which people break society’s rules and the outcomes of these events.   Viewing it in this light the novel describes Hester, a woman who let her heart rule over her head and suffers the consequences.

Homelessness in America Essay

Tonight alone, twenty-three percent of citizens in the United States will become homeless. Ninety-four percent of people living on the streets are single adults, four percent are part of families and two percent are unaccompanied runaway minors. The homeless shelters begin filling, therefore beginning to cause a slight problem, services in the shelters will worsen. The homeless are being slowing exiled from society, creating division in the social class structure between the low-income class and the homeless class (Homelessness in America). The homeless struggle in surviving economical and physically, and with the declining of useful services in the shelters due to the overcrowding, the homeless community is incapable of reestablishing in society. The homeless and the shelters require an increasing amount of useful services in order to assist homeless citizens’ into reentering society once again. The controversial idea for improving services amongst homeless shelters continues in turmoil. Society, excluding the homeless, views the homeless as wasteful citizens of the United States, again exiling them from society (A Nation in Denial: The Truth about Homelessness). They see them as good for nothing, drug addicted people who are too lazy to actually apply themselves and work. Many Americans feel this way towards homeless communities; however, many homeless are out on the streets due to loss of job, being non-financially stable, and due to mental and/or physical disabilities. Homeless people are view upon and discriminated against in such a negative fashion, abating homeless peoples chances of receiving the proper support in order to responsibly take action and reenter society as a working citizen (Homelessness: Whose problem is it?). Americans’ judging a single homeless person based on the America’s judgments’ of the homeless community is ignorant. I personally view each homeless people as an individual who needs assistance, needs the extra encouragement to be able to support them self, one who needs a higher quality of services provided for them in the shelters. If we, as a nation, help out the homeless shelters by giving them better services, each homeless citizen will be able to rejoin society and feel a sense of pride for themselves once and for all, if not, they will all die. Bettering the services in the shelters helps tremendously for the homeless community. Peoples’ largess allows encouragement to flow through the homeless citizens, thus setting up a plan  for them to rejoin society once and for all. Helping the homeless shelters helps the homeless, not only for themselves, but helps the nation. Assisting homeless people back into society allows for a larger working class, opens many different job opportunities and strengths the economy by making more money. Although hundreds of the millions of homeless people who want support in order to restart their lives, a great amount of the homeless do not want help, they do not want to rejoin society again, â€Å"I enjoy being homeless!† (Voices from the Street). The homeless refuse to enter society, having to work in order to better themselves. Only about fifteen percent of the homeless in the shelters feel this way because of their drug addiction. In fact, few homeless people are out on the streets due to drug addiction. They plan to gain sympathy from society by pleading for loose change, in which that loose change that they say is for a meal, is in fact used to support their drug addiction. Despite the percentage of homeless people who do not want help; this is why the shelters want greater services. The homeless who say they do not want help are the ones who need it the most and without the proper services, homelessness will continue to grow in astonishing numbers (Homeless Rates in U .S. Held Level Amid Recession). Homeless shelters should be able to have an upgrade of their services to help the homeless; otherwise, the homeless struggling in the streets will never be able to call a place their home. In America, homelessness is an increasing problem in our great nation. Each and every day, large amounts of citizens’ fall under the homeless class, over filling each homeless shelter the country has to offer. Not owning the proper services to help each homeless person in the shelters to be able to reenter society to better them continues the growing problem of homelessness. Why not offer the homeless better services? I believe that every shelter, in order to end homelessness, should obtain an upgrade of their services, but without the help of the nation, the homelessness issue will continue and the homeless will never have a chance to reestablish themselves in society again.

The Overhead Projector (Ohp)

The Overhead Projector (OHP) August 24, 2012 Introduction Overhead Projectors are still being used in a lot of schools, like in the Philippines. It is not as modern as other equipments, but it still serves its purpose which is to show enlarged images on screen. I. Description The Overhead Projector is an optical device for showing images on screen, usually for group viewing. The OHP is mainly used for projecting charts, sketches, and other material prepared on sheets of transparent plastic. II. Techniques You can show pictures and diagrams, using a pointer on the transparency to direct attention to a detail. The silhouette of your pointer will show in motion on the screen. †¢ You can use a felt paper or wax-based pencil to add details or to make points on the transparency during projection.†¢ You can control the rate of presenting information by covering a transparency with a sheet of paper or cardboard (opaque material) and then exposing data as you are ready to discuss ea ch point. This is known as the Progressive Disclosure Technique. You can superimpose additional transparency sheets as overlays on a base transparency so as to separate processes and complex ideas into elements and present them in step-by-step order. †¢ You can show three-dimensional objects from the stage of the projector-in silhouette if the object is opaque or in color if an object is made of transparent color plastic. †¢ You can move overlays back and forth across the base in order to rearrange elements of diagrams or problems. †¢ For special purpose, you can simulate motion on parts of a transparency by using the effects of polarized light. You can simultaneously project on an adjacent screen other visual materials, usually slides or motion pictures, which illustrate or apply the generalization shown on a transparency. Other reminders on the effective use of the OHP are: †¢ Stand off to one side of the OHP while you face the students. †¢ Don’t ta lk on the screen. Face the students when you talk, not the screen.†¢ Place the OHP to your right, if you are right handed, and to your left if you are left handed. †¢ Place the OHP on a table low enough so that it does not block you or the screen. Have the top of the screen tilted forward towards the OHP to prevent the â€Å"keystone effect† (where the top of the screen is larger than the bottom). †¢ Avoid the mistake of including too much detail on each image. A simple layout makes an effective slide. If an audience needs to be given details, provide handouts to be studied later. †¢ Avoid large tables of figures. Come up with graphic presentations. †¢ Don’t read the text on your slide. Your audience can read. †¢ Avoid too much text. Rely sparingly on printed text. Come up with more graphs, diagrams, or pictures. †¢ Your presentation must be readable from afar. Simple use of color can add effective emphasis. III. Advantages †¢ Th e projector itself is simple to operate. †¢ The OHP is used in the front of the room by the instructor who has complete control of the sequence, timing, and manipulation of this material.†¢ Facing his class and observing student reactions, the instructor can guide his audience, control its attention, and regulate the flow of information in the presentation. †¢ The projected image behind the instructor can be as large as necessary for all in the audience to see; it is clear and bright, even in fairly well-lighted rooms. Since the transparency, as it is placed on the projector, is seen by the instructor exactly as students see it on the screen, he may point, write, or otherwise make indications upon it to facilitate communication. †¢ The stage (projection surface) of the projector is large (10 by 10 inches), thus allowing the teacher to write information with ease or to show prepared transparencies.†¢ It is especially easy for teachers and students to create t heir own materials for use in the OHP. †¢ An increasing number of high-quality commercial transparencies. Brown, 1969) IV. Limitations †¢ It requires a constant power supply and a white flat surface on which its image can be projected. †¢ If the surface is not suitably inclined at the correct angle, the image will suffer from a phenomenon called â€Å"keystone effect. † †¢ Handwritten material can look sloppy if not pre-prepared. †¢ Presenter and audience can be distracted by the light's glare. †¢ Lamps can burn out and interrupt a presentation. Summary The Overhead Projector is indeed a very versatile equipment. With prepared materials, we can do so much in a short time.We can save much time when we present our lectures on transparencies instead of writing notes or drawings naively on the chalkboard. Also, by learning how to use it properly, we are able to realize our instructional objectives, and adopting them in teaching ensures a lasting lear ning for our students. Sources: †¢ Educational Technology 1 by Brenda B. Corpuz ; Paz I. Lucido †¢ http://www. safetyxchange. org/training-and-leadership/part-3-overhead-projectors †¢ http://www. buzzle. com/articles/what-is-an-overhead-projector. html †¢ New Standard Encyclopedia (Volume 13) pp. 592-593

Family system thesis Essay

INTRODUCTION Not all children grow from infancy through their adolescent years without experiencing some bumps along the way. While every child is unique and special, sometimes they encounter emotions, feelings or behavior that cause problems in their lives and the lives of those around them. Parents often worry when their teens have difficulty coping with their things, emotions, get involved with alcohol, drugs, or cannot get along with members of the family or people of their own age bracket. A parent’s relationship and nurturing role with a young person continues to be important, although the relationship have to be flexible to adapt to the teenager’s changing needs. At this time, there is a need for gradual change from a more authoritative approach to a more collaborative approach. Parents have to face the reality that their child is no longer a child, is becoming independent, and is no longer within their control. They may feel distressed as they perceive that the young person won’t listen to them, or does the opposite of what they may suggest. They may have to watch their young person disregard the things they thought they taught them were important, such as ways to look after their health, or their future goals. Parents have to learn to ‘let go’, not of the relationship, but of their dreams for the young person, and their authority over the young people, so that they may allow a young person to develop his/herown dreams and greater self-responsibility. Adolescent maturation is a personal phase of development where children have to establish their own beliefs, values, and what they want to accomplish out of life. Because adolescents constantly and realistically appraise themselves, they are often characterized as being extremely self-conscious. However, the self-evaluation process leads to the beginning of long-range goal setting, emotional and social independence, and the making of a mature adult. According to Erik Erickson’s Pyschosocial Development, on the fifth stage, which is Identity vs Role Confusion, the child struggles to find his or her identity in social interactions with friends and family. When he/she reaches the ages of fourteen and fifteen, also adolescent strives to loosen his/her ties from his/her parents and emotions and intellectual capacities also increase. Adolescents begin to consider their futures and decide on careers. During this stage they face the conflict of identity versus role confusion. If the adolescent formulates a satisfying plan of action about his/her future, then the outcome is positive and establishment of identity is achieved. Adolescents who do not develop this sense of identity may develop role confusion and aimlessly move through life without any plan of action or sense of security about their future. Adolescents need to make use of their newly acquired skills of logical thinking and ability to make judgments rationally. The adolescent becomes adventuresome, and experiments with different ideas. This plays an important role in finding one’s relations to oneself, groups, and opposite sex. During this time, the adolescent battles over his own set of values versus the set established by parents and other adult figures. The adolescent also begins to take on more control of educational and vocational pursuits and advantages. It is during this time that adolescents’ self-dependence and a sense of responsibility become apparent, along with their quest to contribute to society and find their place in it. This study on the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescent is vital as a period of growth in which identity formation is addressed. This can be interpreted to mean that the role of family is lessening or that family has only a limited role in the lives of young people at this time. Research shows, however, that ongoing positive family connections are protective factors against a range of health risk behaviors. Although the nature of relationships is changing, the continuity of family connections and a secure emotional base is crucial for the positive development of young people. The study on the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescent demonstrates the importance of the family role in helping children establish their identity upon reaching adolescence. This study made use of the of the Family System Theory which consists the family structure, family interactions, and family functions and Eriksons’ Psychosocial Development Theory. Through this theory, this study have been very effective in identifying the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescents. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY â€Å"Family members are profoundly affecting each other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions that it often seems as if people are living under the same â€Å"emotional skin.†- (One Family’s Story by Murray Bowen) The Laboratory High School of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines was first known as the Philippine College of Commerce Laboratory High School in 1955 which tends to offer a curriculum in secondary level that will affiliate to the rising technical developments during that time of the cyber age. Laboratory High Schools or demonstration schools are elementary or secondary school operated in association with a university, college, or other teacher education institution and used for the training of future teachers, educational experimentation, educational research, and professional development. Students in the secondary level are expected to be more matured than they were in their elementary days. The Laboratory High School (LHS) aims to practice the discipline, the academic excellence, the nationalism, and the commerce among their students. Philippine School of Commerce was converted through the Republic Act 779 into the Philippine College of Commerce which offered the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Business Education, an academic development that made imperative the establishment of a secondary school where senior Bachelor of Science in Business Education students could observe and practice-teach. There were only eight pioneer teachers when the laboratory high school opened in 1955. Listed in the roster were Virginia Aldana, Purificacion Cecilio, Ruth David, Norma Diamante, Fulcida Eligado, Luz Gonzales, and Gloria Talastas. They were soon joined by 18 new recruits: Natividad Agana, Lydia Camit, Racquel Bernardo, Elsie Borja, Carolina Calderon, Fermin Cruz, Rosalina de Lara, Ernesto Dumlao, Luisa de Lara, Soledad London, Celia Rejuso, Julie del Rosario, Tomas San Pedro, Elena Sta. Ana, Francisco Santos, Victoria Tanjutco, Carmen Tupas, and Lydia Villa. Serving at the helm of the school was a succession of able and competent principals: Apolinaria Seva, Brigido Sadsad, Gloria Talastas, Angelina Manapat, Rosario Battung, Josefina Tan, Rosa Guirao, Fe Salting, Charito Montemayor, Liceria Lorenzo, Carmencita L. Castolo, and the incumbent Corazon C. Tahil. The trek to computerization began when Prof. Charito A. Montemayor initiated the computerized enrolment. Ably helping her was an alumnus of the LHS, Prof. Angelito Pastrana who was connected with the PUPILS, a group of IT specialists tasked to handle the computerization projects of the University. Dr. Liceria Lorenzo continued what her predecessor started. During her term, report cards were also computerized. The LHS observed its Golden Anniversary with aplomb. The big event involving the alumni, faculty (including the retirees), and administrators was competently supervised by Dr. Lorenzo. The original Laboratory School run by John Dewey at the University of Chicago in 1938 is now what most laboratory schools follow as the model of experiential education based. John Dewey originally wrote about the benefits of experiential education in 1938, explaining, â€Å"There is an intimate and necessary relation between the processes of actual experience and education.†(Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 7) Dewey suggested that each student’s experience will be individualized based on past experiences, and not all students will take away the same outlook of the concept. Thus, the experiential learning classroom mimics society, where all people have different views of topics and information. Dewey asserts that not all experiences â€Å"are genuinely or equally educative† (Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 13) and suggests that in progressive education, the quality of the experience is essential. Dewey also maintains that in order for education to be progressive, there must be a solid philosophy that privileges experiences that are â€Å"fruitful and creative† and that enhance subsequent learning experiences. â€Å"It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him.† – Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) According to Erik Erickson adolescence ranges from 12-18 years old. Teens during this time need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Teens during this time are in their secondary level of education (Arlene F. Harder. The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson). Success to this stage will lead to an ability to stay true to oneself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self-reliance. Social relationship during this time is one of the most important events in this stage. The first social environment of an individual is within his family. Therefore, whatever a child may acquire to his family will be his basis in facing off the society. But individuals during this time are more expose to school environment than to family environment, which means that superior parental guidance should be exercise. Transition from childhood to adulthood may confuse or insecure them about how they will fit into the society. As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. The family should be the one who supports their adolescent child throughout the whole period of transition. This particular study attempt to determine the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of the 4th year students in Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School year 2012-2013 Figure 1.1 Vicinity map shows the vicinity map where the study is conducted. Figure 1.2 Vicinity map shows the Laboratory High School, Polytechnic University of the Philippines where the area where the research was conducted. Figure 3. The Family System Theory THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Bowen’s Family System Theory These assumptions are diagramed in figure 1. The components and their relationship to the whole system are as follows: 1. Family structure consists of the descriptive characteristics of the family. This includes the nature of its membership and its cultural and ideological style. These characteristics are the input into the interactional system. In this study, the family structure used is the structure according to authority which is the: 2. Family interaction is the hub of the system. It is the process of interaction among family members that determines the rules by which the family is governed. This is the family’s level of cohesion, its adaptability, and its communication style. Finally, these interactions work together to serve individual members and collective family needs. 3. Family function is the output of the interactional system. Utilizing the resources available through its structure (input), the family interacts to produce responses that fulfill its needs. This is the relationship of the family. 4. The family life cycle introduces the element of change into the family system. As the family moves through time, developmental and non-developmental changes alter the family structure and/or the family’s needs. The family life cycle in this study includes the Accepting Adolescence, or the stage of adolescence, this includes the developmental changes of the individual as change increases. Particularly this includes: a. Deal with emerging sexual identity of child. b. Accept increasing influence of peer group. c. Promote differentiation and autonomy of child. According to Dr. Bowens in his Family System Theory or the Bowen Theory views the families as living organisms and stresses boundaries, rules, expectations, and behaviors that help the family maintain equilibrium. Bowen family systems theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected and family members so profoundly affect each other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and relationships. Erik Erickson Psychosocial Development (Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion) The eight-stage theory has a definite age span for each social stages, and in this study that focused on the student ages 14-16 years of age, which belong to the fifth stage of Psychosocial development, the Identity vs. Role Confusion stated that during this stage of development the child struggle to find his or her identity and the social interactions with friends and family. The child acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self-doubt and is newly concerned with how they appear in front of other people. Adolescents may experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life but there is possible identity disturbance on the part of the child, changes on the social relationship primarily on the peer group and family, emphasis on the peer preferences and social interactions. These are the following psychosocial changes undergone by the Adolescents during the fifth stage of Psychosocial Development according to Erik Erickson: a. Independence: Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, and housing. b. Family and Friends Relationships: Adolescence is often a time when the values and behaviors of young people are said to become increasingly distant and detached from those of their parents and other adults. Generational Stake: Adolescents have a stake in believing that their parents are limited, old-fashioned, and out of touch. This divergence happens with good reason; a Adolescents do need to break free from their parents to find their own way. Peer Relationship Relations with peers are vital to the transition from childhood to adulthood. There are four special, constructive functions performed by peer relationships: Pubertal self-help – Adolescents find friends where they can adapt the consecutive changes happening to their development and physical changes in their body. Social support – Adolescents seeks protection against and confusion at their age level experiencing the same developmental changes from childhood to adulthood Identity formation – Adolescents’ tend to have friends that would be having the same characteristics that would mirror and clarify his or her Identity. c. Exploration of Identity: Explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity. The goal of many teens is to establish an identity. Identity Achievement: Erickson’s term for attainment of identity-ideally established by reconsidering the goals and values set by the parents and culture, then accepting some and rejecting others. Three specific aspects areas of identity achievement follow in this study: 1. Ethnic (Cultural) 2. Gender 3. Group CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Specifically, the research will answer the following questions in this study: HYPOTHESIS The following null hypotheses were tested in this study. There is no significant relationship between: 1. There is no significant relationship between the Family System and the Psychosocial Development of the respondents. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Research indicates that the development of a child’s behavior is strongly influenced by how well his or her family functions. It is during this time that children are dependent upon adults to meet their needs that their concept of the importance of family develops. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of awareness of family influences on the well-being of a child. The research aims to know how the members of the family affect each others thoughts, feelings, and actions; how they interact with other people and how they function as a family. This paper will provide explanations of high school student’s behavior and emotionality when it comes to their families and peers. The survey instrument used in this study requested demographic data. Research limitations/implications – Research, teaching and practice must be conducted with the recognition of the family system relative to the student’s progress in the school. Social implications – Recognizing the family system for its unique social contributions will have impact on future research, teaching, and practice. Originality/value – This review of previous research offers researchers a broader and comprehensive view of the family system, and their respective interactions. Researchers, educators, and practitioners will benefit from this paper. To the Parents, this research will aim to help the family develop a much broader understanding of the child. It will also give benefits on how to guide the child on their crucial stages in life. To the Teachers, this research will be of help for giving the child a much clearer view of his surroundings. It will surely help teachers in nurturing or developing a child’s personality or behavior inside the classroom. In understanding the current developmental changes the students are undergoing, the teacher will have a clearer view of the nature of his students. To the future researchers. The research of the study will hopefully become the guidelines of the future researchers that will provide them the data and information related to their present future research work. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study is limited only to Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus at Sta. Mesa Manila during the academic year 2012-2013. The well-known psychologist, Eric Erikson, said that adolescence needs help to cope with their struggles to know who they are, what they are and what they will become if they are to establish a clear sense of identity. This study will help students of same age and educational attainment to determine the role of their family into their lives and their psychosocial factors determining identity and relationships as they go through their adolescent years. Determining the factors of family system to the psychosocial development of the students is the focus of this research. The information needed will be gathered using the survey questionnaire. All information and conclusion drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of students. DEFINITION OF TERMS Authoritative approach Best form of classroom management style, it is the one most closely associated with appropriate student behaviors. Authority:The power to determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputes; jurisdiction; the right to control, command, or determine. Bumps: To demote, promote or dismiss Collaborative approach:A situation in which to or more people learn or attempt to learn something together. Demographic data:Relating to the dynamic balance of population especially with regard to density and capacity for expansion or decline. Distressed: Suffering from anxiety, sorrow or pain Experiential Education:A philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and a student that infuses direct experiences with the learning environment and content. Family System Theory:Suggest that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Gradual change:Process occurs in small stages over a long period of time, rather than suddenly. Ideology:A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political economic or other system. International System: A complete, coherent system of units used for scientific work, in which fundamental quantities are length, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, amount of substance and mass. IT Specialist:Specialist typically focus on a specific computer network, database or system administration function. Lessening: To reduce in size, extent or degree. Predecessor:One that precedes; especially: a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded. Progressive Education:A reaction against the traditional style of teaching which teaches facts largely at the expense of understanding what is being taught. Psychosocial Development: How a person’s mind, emotions, and maturity level develop throughout the course of their lifetime. Self-Evaluation:A process in which an individual rates the quality of his or her own work. Technical Development:Application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. Vital:Fundamentally concerned with or affecting life or living beings: as (1) : tending to renew or refresh the living invigorating (2) : destructive to life: mortal Virtuoso:A person who has special knowledge or skill in a field. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE FOREIGN LITERATURE According to Gavazzi and Sabatelli (2003) the measures of family system patterns of interaction and the individuation process were examined as mediators of psychosocial development in a sample of college students. Included is an initial exploration into the construction and development of self-report, paper-and-pencil instruments designed to measure the two exceedingly complex constructs of differentiation and individuation. Indicators of family conflict, parental intrusiveness, and psychological interconnectedness were found to be significant predictors of psychosocial maturity, supporting the theoretical expectation that distance regulation patterns indicative of well differentiated families and age-appropriate manifestations of the individuation process would be independently and interactively related to psychosocial adaptation. Also, the exploration of gender-related differences revealed that males were significantly more financially and psychologically independent from family members than were females but did not differ on any of the other family system and individual variables explored. According to Martire and Schulz (2000) Interactions with close family members have consequences for the emotional and physical well-being of individuals who are dealing with a chronic physical illness. Therefore, inclusion of a close family member in psychosocial interventions for chronic illnesses is a logical treatment approach that has the potential to boost the effects of intervention on the patient and also beneï ¬ t the family member. However, randomized, controlled studies indicate that such family-oriented interventions generally have small effects. The efficacy of these treatment approachesmight be enhanced by targeting specific interactions that emerging research identifies as promoting or derailing healthy behaviors and by better incorporating strategies from family caregiver interventions. In addition, family oriented interventions should be more fully evaluated, by assessing the benefits for both patients and family members. Future research in this area can tell us much about how and when to involve family in treatment of specific chronic illnesses and, in turn, may inform conceptual models of the impact of family interactions on health. Psychosocial or behavioral interventions for chronic illness, such as patient education, support groups, and cognitive behavioral therapies, have been shown to have effects on health and emotional well-being that surpass improvements attained with usual medical care alone (i.e., medication or surgery). Because of the links between family relationships and chronic illness management, some researchers have incorporated a close family member such as the spouse in these interventions. The rationale for involving a family member in treatment can be found in the bio psychosocial model of health and illness and specific marital and family-systems frameworks. These conceptual models and frameworks have been supported by empirical evidence showing that close social relationships, especially the marital relationship, affect biological systems, health behaviors, and psychological well-being. In the book of Jossey Bass; â€Å"The health of adolescents: Undertaking and facilitating biological, bahavioral and social development.†(1992) On the third chapter of the book there discussed the psychosocial changes in the development of an adolescent. It is included the Psychosocial Development of the Adolescent, during the entire process of maturation and separation-individuation, the adolescent has a personal set of task to be accomplished in the service of identity formation. During early adolescence, the intensity and exclusivity of earlier attachments to the parents begin to give away. At a time of increased urges and physiological readiness for erotic aggressive action, closeness to family members can be quite threatening. While an expanded peer life and increased social activities facilitate distancing. In the book titled; â€Å"Influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of early adolescence† by Diana Baumrind suggested the convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. There are four kinds of parenting. First is the Authoritarian parenting; In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents â€Å"are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation.† Second is the Authoritative Parenting; like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents â€Å"monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative† Third is the Permissive Parenting; Permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents â€Å"are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation† (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Lastly is the Uninvolved Parenting; an uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. While these parents fulfill the child’s basic needs, they are generally detached from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. In the book titled; â€Å"Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.† By Berk Laura stated that Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occurs during childhood and adolescence. An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Others are known as mini-theories; they instead focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development, such as cognitive or social growth. Theorist Erik Erikson also proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory encompassed human growth throughout the entire human lifespan. Erikson believed that each stage of development was focused on overcoming a conflict. For example, the primary conflict during the adolescent period involves establishing a sense of personal identity. Success or failure in dealing with the conflicts at each stage can impact overall functioning. During the adolescent stage, for example, failure to develop an identity results in role confusion. Learn more about this theory in this article on Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. LOCAL LITERATURE As further discussed in the book, Family: The Seat of Education, the home is the natural school for the child. Because it is the parents who brought their children to the world, it is the natural right and duty of the parents to provide their children with good education so that they may achieve the purpose for which they were created. The home is the best school and the parents are the best teacher for their children. Because of the necessity of education in the home, it is important that the parents realize how grave her obligation is, and not to neglect it or perform it with indifference. It is said that â€Å"the mother’s heart is the child’s schoolroom.† Napoleon is said to have exclaimed that: â€Å"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother.† The Filipino Family: a spectrum of Views and Issues, Perez (1995) wrote that: The family is still the basic building-block of Philippine society. No less than the Constitution of the Republic has expressed this. The family provides the average Filipino with a stable reservoir of emotional security and support. Children are expected to seek parental advised and guidance on matters that deal with their future. If a child is born the eldest, he behaves and interacts with his parents and siblings in the capacity and not in any other way, insofar as son-parent and other older-younger sibling relationship are concerned. According to Ms. Vicky Cantada (2002), a Center for Family Ministries (CeFam) counselor, the development of emotional quotient of children depends on how emotionally intelligent their parents oare. â€Å"You cannot teach a child to be emphatic if the mother or father themselves do not have empathy.† She also cited elements for good parenting: Focus Time and Effort. Children can easily pick up feelings and moods, whether they are of low or high intelligence and it depends upon the parents on how they will be able to become role models to their children. However, it does not follow that if a child has a high IQ she will have a high EQ or vice versa. There are other factors that lead to a child’s IQ and EQ. Ms. Cantada discussed the five hallmarks of emotional intelligence and it consists of the responsibilities of the parents in instilling to their children the self-awareness, managing emotions, self-maturation empathy, and managing relationships. Parents should be emotionally intelligent themselves, for them to teach how to become one to their children. For if not, the children will grow up as emotionally immature as their parents were.It emphasized the role of parents in the emotional growth of their children. Parenting styles thus, will come in clearly, as to how their styles will be effective in raising emotionally intelligent children. In the book titled; â€Å"Sociology, Culture and Family Planning (A Conceptual, Experiential and Interactive Approach) by Wilfredo R. San Juan el al. in Chapter 21 of his book that humankind’s most basic and oldest social unit is the family.. It is a social institution primarily established by society to ensure its continuity and to regulate the sexual behavior of its members, since the infant is born helpless and dependent; the family has been socially constructed to insure that there will be adult members who will look after the infant’s biological and emotional nurturance and safety. The family is the primary group where the child is initially socialized and initiated in the ways of life of his group. The family provides the child’s social, psychological, and emotional needs – warmth, intimacy, affection, nurturance, care and security. Thus, the family has been called the â€Å"then nursery of human nature.† Delicate and fragile as he is, so that he is better equipped with knowledge and adaptive skills before he is â€Å"transplanted† to the more or less inhospitable forces of the bigger society. Mona Gonzales (1995) shared â€Å"Our words carry enormous power and in dealing with our children it is necessary that we separate what’s helpful from what’s harmful. Contrary to the maxim that a parent should always be consistent, especially in disciplining their child, they say it is all right to change your mind and live more in terms of your genuine feelings of the moment. Contrary to the belief that parents know what’s best for their children, it is all right to let a child make his own decisions however tedious the process may seem. For you are preparing him for future independence. Contrary to the notion that if a child expresses strong emotions, we must tone the down they say we can acknowledge his feelings and in that way give him strength and health. The disciplinarian feels nothing is wrong with telling a child he is a liar, dumb or lazy, if what he says is the truth. This, they believe would help the child improve himself. But a child’s improvement is based on treating him as if he is already what he’s capable of becoming. Basically children are mirror images of us. Have you ever observed your three-year-old playing with her dolls? Chances are she imitates things you tell her and what you do for her. Treat your child rudely and with disrespect and she will grow up to be a spoiled brat- a smaller version of everything she picked up from you. Remember that there is such a thing as undisciplined discipline. But treat her with love and respect for her own humanity and individuality, and you will have contributed to this world a humane and strong person- a cathedral in a world of condominiums.† Since parenting has no course or degree to get enrolled to or a clear enumeration of its effects, Mr. Jaie Ferrer (2000), pointed out in his article, that, parents use a variety of techniques when it come to dealing with their children. These diverse styles have varied effects on children. Despite the differences, the general rule is for the parent to strike a balance between discipline and openness. The combination of both parental control (how restrictive parents are of their children) and parental warmth (the amount of affection and encouragement parents show them) greatly affects a child’s personality-her social competence, concept of self, level of aggression and internalization of moral values. In his book titled; â€Å"The Filipino Family by Medina T.G. According to Medina (2001), the family is a familiar topic but there is a need to step back & study it in critical & scientific lenses as personal experiences alone could be very limited & may not be representative of other families in the society. The family have certain characteristics: As a social group, it is universal. It is a significant element in man’s social life. Nowadays, changes in the family (e.g. from traditional structure to non-traditional structure as will be discussed later) are happening brought about by the changing economic climate & technological advancements but it has remained a basic institution. It is the first social group to which an individual is exposed. Family relationships last along & an â€Å"individual’s earliest & longest experience in living takes place in a family setting.† â€Å"The family affects the individual’s social values, disposition, & outlook in life. The family is thesource of the individual’s ideals, aspirations, & basic motivations.† The family is said to be the link between an individual & the larger society. In this way we can say that a person’s interaction &/or attitude inside the family unit affects or is a determinant in how that person interacts in the community that his family belongs. Logically, from the assertion above, the family is understood to provide continuity of social life.It is a major agent in the transmission of culture which also affects &/or reflects the culture of the society especially the individual. LOCAL STUDIES In the study titled; â€Å"Parenting Practices That Help Promote The Development Of Positive Social Behavior Among Preschool Children Wthin The family.† by an MA Psychologist Maria Perlita Embuscao De Leon of the College of Psychology of the University of the Philippines. The research used data from fifteen 2-parent families residing in a community located in Dalandan, Valenzuela City, with at least two children and one of whom is between the ages 3 to 6 years. There were also certain socialization patterns within the family system that may either promote or hamper the development of the social behaviors among the preschool children. The particular focus of the research include from (1) to identify the behaviors which parents define as prosaically, to explore the parent’s perception about their roles, influences, and parenting practices in teaching social behavior to their preschool children, to discuss socialization patterns within the family that help promote the development of positive social behavior among preschool children and to determine ideas, options, and feelings of the preschool children in the manner by which they are being disciplined and taught positive social behaviors. The research utilized a classic minuets no graphic approach which allowed for a 6-month home visit. Finally, face-to-face interviews were also conducted with the parents of those families. The finding of the research suggest that the local concept that is best related to social behaviot is â€Å"mabuting asal† which is also an umbrella term that covers not only prosocial attitudes, but also other positive social bahaviors such as having love of God, having integrity, being responsible, and studying well. The parents also believe that children are naturally naive, passive, forgetful, thus their primary role in developing prosocial bavior to their childrn is to teach them proper rules of behavior, to model to their young ones what proer behaviors are, and to remind them constantly of what to do and what not to do. The findings further suggest that the microystem of the home, specifically the parent’s own influence to their childrn, is believed to be the environment which best promotes the development of positive social behavior among young children. There were also identified elements in the microsystem of the neighborhood which both facilitat and inhibit the development of proper social conduct. In the research titled â€Å"The Effect of Family size on Parenting Behavior and Child Development† by Rachel Ann Rosales Parr the study pointed concerns in investigating th relationship between the varialble family size or the numvber of the members of the family and the level of development of a child living in a local setting where the family incom is on or below the poverty treshold. The study looked into â€Å"parental bahavior† as a posssible moderating variable in the relationship between family size and child development. This study shows that that a larger family could imply more children competing for parental time and resources (which are assumed to be scarce); thus adversely affecting the level of development of a child. Studies also exist suggesting a negative correlation between childrens’s intelligence are not necessary at-risk for developmenta set-backs. In the study titled; â€Å"Family and Peer Influence on Adjustment among Chinese, Filipino and White Youth† by an associate Professor named Mayumi Anne Willgerodt. The study focused on the issue of the parent adolescent relationship. Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and risky behaviors among Asian American adolescents; in particular, cross-cultural and longitudinal examinations are missing from the extant research. The objective of the study is to test and compare a theoretic model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and risky behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents. Data was utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health; the sample comprised 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. Structural equation modeling was used to test the theoretic model for each ethnic group separately, followed by multiple group analyses. The result of the study gained useful and quality informations. The measurement model was examined for each ethnic group, using both unweighted and weighted samples and were deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretic model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and risky behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple group analyses of the theoretic model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another. Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. Future research should be directed towards incorporating variables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing, and validating findings from this study. In the study title, â€Å"Family Resilience and Filipino Immigrant families: Navigating the adolescence life-stage conducted by Jacqueline de Guzman, the study investigated the cultural family contexts of Filipino Immigrants families and their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development. The systems theory of family resiliency served as a framework to interpret how Filipino mothers experiences and navigated these challenges. Using qualitative approach, 20 Filipino mothers of adolescents between the ages of 13-19 years were interviewed, investigating their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development and the strategies used to overcome these challenges. Discussions of these topics correspond with the systems of theory of family resilience. Overall, the implications of the study reinforce the usefulness of resilience-oriented paradigm to understand how immigrant families mobilize cultural resources during difficult challenges to foster family empowerment and strengthen family relations. FOREIGN STUDIES In the study on Rebecca Ann Branton of the Roehampton University titled â€Å"How old: Looking at young children’s development.†, This case study relates to academic literacy in the following ways understand the expectations and requirements of the study of childhood (including the need to recognize and apply different perspectives) recognize and articulate theoretical expectations, models and requirements and apply them to the study of childhood. Develop skills in critical listening, reading and analysis of text and data, the development of argument and the communication of text, data and analysis in written and spoken form develop the capacity for intellectual enquiry and critical autonomy which enables students to form their own views and locate themselves within the range of perspectives and practices encountered in the study of childhood. This study tried to achieved the activities in which in doing this activity with students, this study is trying to achieve a number of things: To highlight students’ awareness of the parts played by social and cultural experiences, both for children’s development, and for the ways in which their own values and beliefs have been influenced by their cultural backgrounds and experiences. To support students’ understanding that published guides to development, such as Sheridan (1997) can only give a broad indication, and may be unhelpful if, as Arnold (1999:34)* suggests, ‘There can be a tendency, when considering norms to see them as outcomes to be achieved’ and as judgements of a particular child. To highlight the idea that children’s development is not smooth or orderly, and each child does not make progress like climbing the rungs of a ladder. To support a view of young children as competent, skilful and very complex. To focus on what young children can do rather than on what they can’t. To support the first-hand experience element of the module, by encouraging students to focus on what they actually see rather than on norms of behaviour against which they map children’s achievements. In a recent study of Kenneth G. Langone titled; â€Å"A Family Systems Perspective† of the Foreign Study from the School of Medicine of the New York University. This study is focused on family systems perspective which reflects a shift in our understanding of human behavior. This shift is from a search for a single cause or chain of causes within an individual resulting in a behavior, to understanding the behavior as having multiple causes. Behavior both shapes and is shaped by the context in which it occurs. Family therapists do see behavior as reflecting the individual child’s internal makeup, including genetic factors. These are constantly influenced by the child’s experiences in the environment and the major systems or ecology, in which he lives, (for most children the family and school). But family therapists also see children’s behavior as influencing the way that the environment responds to them, in turn influencing the children’s response. Family systems therapists believe that these patterns of mutual influence can be repetitive from generation to generation and can generalize to different settings because people tend to re-enact family patterns. Families influence their children’s development in many areas – their cognitive and academic skills, speech and language ability, behavior and social competence. Families also have an opportunity to help with the additional challenges faced by children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Family-oriented therapy, whether used as the primary treatment or in combination with other treatments, such as medication, behavioral management programs, cognitive behavior therapy, educational assistance, and other modalities, has been successful in treating a range of emotional, behavioral, academic and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Family therapy enables families to recognize how the entire family is impacted when a child has a problem. By facilitating a climate of family support and education, family therapy helps family members understand interrelated problems, communicate more effectively with each other, and work cooperatively to generate strategies to help the child. In this issue of the NYU Child Study Center Letter, the authors describe a family systems perspective for understanding the interaction of mutual influences on sustaining family patterns, the contributions of nature and nurture in problem formation, and the ways in which family therapists work to engage the family as a team for problem solving. In the study titled; â€Å"The psychosocial adjustment of maltreated children: Methodological limitations and guidelines for future research† by Vivian Shaw Lamphear, M.A. Several empirical studies on the impact of maltreatment on children’s psychosocial adjustment were recently reviewed in this journal [1]. Following a brief overview of the findings from that article, the present paper summarizes the methodological limitations of the studies reviewed and discusses guidelines for future research in this area. In order to advance knowledge of child maltreatment squeal, we suggest future studies should include the following: (1) precise operational definitions of maltreatment; (2) adequate verification of the absence of maltreatment in the control groups: (3) identification and control of maltreatment covariates; and (4) consideration of subjects’ age in group assignment. Future investigations should also employ more longitudinal research designs and give more attention to the treatment needs of the child. The study â€Å"The impact of family and peer differentiation levels on adolescent psychosocial development and problematic behaviors† by Stephen M. Gavazzi PhD, Dawn E. Goettler MS, Scott P. Solomon MS, Patrick C. McKenry PhD examined the impact of family differentiation and peer differentiation levels on adolescent problematic behaviors and psychosocial maturity. Differentiation levels were assessed dyadic ally in both the family and peer systems. Results revealed family differentiation to be the sole predictor of adolescent problematic behavior. Additional regression analysis indicated that peer differentiation was a significant predictor of psychosocial maturity, along with the significant impact of adolescent gender and age. Family X Peer interaction terms were not significant predictors of either adolescent personal adjustment variable. Results, which display both consistencies and variations with the findings of previous research, are discussed in terms of their clinical implications. In the study titled; â€Å"Perceived family Interactions and Psychosocial Development of Family Members† by Olga PoljÃ… ¡ak Ã…  kraban stated that differences between the parents’ and the adolescent daughters’ perception of family interactions (relating to important qualities of parenting and the family competence) in the period of childhood and adolescence, as well as their connectedness to the psychosocial development of family members (especially adolescent daughters). The research is based on Beavers’ (Beavers & Hampson, 1993) systems model of family functioning and Erikson’s (1980) theory of psychosocial development. The research included two-parent families of female adolescents. The main findings of the research are that daughters and their parents perceive the interactions in the family system differently. The daughters’ evaluations were the lowest, i.e., the most critical. All family members experienced a drop in the quality of interaction during adolescence. In terms of perceiving family interaction, the families became clearly divided on the competence continuum into two groups. Correlations between the family’s competence and the level of the adolescents’ psychosocial development were significant, albeit not high, as were the correlations between the levels of psychosocial development of the parents and the adolescents. Keywords: perceived family interactions, parenting, family competence, psychosocial development, late adolescence. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The descriptive research method was used in this study, particularly the normative type survey. Descriptive research was used in this study. Descriptive research described the Effect of the Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the 4th years students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. In this study, it involved the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the data. This study focused on the present prevailing conditions of the program and its beneficiaries. As described by Estolas, descriptive research is one that describes or interprets â€Å"What is†. It reveals conditions and relationship that exist or do not exist, practices that prevail or do not prevail, beliefs or points of view or attitudes that held or are not held, processes that are going on or otherwise, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. Descriptive research attempts to interpret the present. Estolas added that the purpose of these designs is to â€Å"describe† the status of the events, people or subjects as they exist. Descriptive research usually makes from type of contrast, comparison and sometimes, in carefully planned and orchestrated descriptive researches, cause and effect relationship may be established in some extent. Aquino also describes descriptive method of research as an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a group. It also includes studies that seek present facts, acts, or condition or any phenomena. THE RESPONDENTS The main respondents of the study entitled â€Å"The Effect of the Family Systems to the Psychosocial Development of the adolescents.† are 4th year students of the Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus during the academic year 2012-2013. Sixty respondents will be chosen by the use of random sampling. POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE As shown above, the total number of respondents was 75, with 35 Females and 35 Males. THE INSTRUMENT Polytechnic University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila Dear Respondents: We, the third Year students of the Bachelor in Business Teacher Education Program of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines will be conducting our research entitled â€Å"The Effects of Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the Senior PUP-LHS SY 2012-2013† We are requesting for your cooperation for the fulfillment of this study. Rest assured that all answers should be treated with confidentiality. Researchers, POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL (PUPLHS) PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT INSTRUCTION: Rank each statement by checking the column according to the following: 5- ALWAYS 4-OFTEN 3-SOMETIMES 2-SELDOM 1-NEVER (at all times) (frequently) (occasionally) (rarely) (in no means) 1. Are you close with your parents? 2. Do you spend your free time with your family? 3. Do you eat at the same time with your family? 4. Are you close with your siblings? 5. Do you have conversations during meal time with your family? 6. Does your family provide your major expenses? 7. Does your family allow you to go out with your friends 8. Does your family show concern about your problems? 9. Does your family provide rules about time limitations with your friends? 10. Does your family set rules regarding your studies at school? 11. Do you make decisions on your own? 12. Have you make decisions about your career on your own? 13. Do you consult your friends in decision making? 14. Do you ask the permission of your parents about your career in college? 15. Do you ask the view of your parent in terms of choosing your friends? 16. Do you spend more time with your friends rather than your family? 17. Do you want to spend more time at school rather than at home? 18. Do you discuss your problems with your family? 19. Do you consult your physical changes to your friends? 20. Do you spend leisure time with your friends? (hang-out, watch movies, play sports, malling,) 21. Do you spend lunch breaks with your friends? 22. Do you ask your friends for help in school works? 23. Do you share secrets with your friends? 24. Do you have conversation about school matters with your family? 25. Do you have conversation about personal and emotional matters with your friends? 26. Do spend academic group works with your friends? 27. Do you enter the same Academic Clubs with your friends? 28. Do you prefer the same type of clothing of you friends? 29. Do you hang out friends with the same gender? 30. Do have common traits with your friends? 31. Do you have the same language/dialect with your friends? 32. Does your being culturally aware equips you to reach out to the families of your friends? 33. Does understanding your own cultural identity helps you in establishing identity? 34. Do you hang-out with people who are from cultures that are different from yours? 35. Does your understanding of your own culture shapes your sense of who you are, as well as your place in home, school, and society? 36. Do you prefer spending time with girls? 37. Do you prefer spending time with boys? 38. Do you like fashion for teenage women? 39. Do you like doing household chores? 40. Are you interested in cosmetology? 41. Do you like playing sports? 42. Do you like playing online games? (Dota, RAN Online and the like) 43. Do you spend time chatting with your friends online? 44. Are you interested in men’s fashion clothing? 45. Are you interested in industrial arts? (Electricity, Wood working, Automotive, etc.) 46. Do you belong to a certain group? (Circle of friends, group organizations, community organizations, etc.) 47. Do you do the same thing what your groups are doing? 48. In decision making, do you consider your group/circle of friends? 49. Do you share your important secrets to your group? 50. Do you go to recreation areas with your friends? DATA-GATHERING PROCEDURES Through the use of the questionnaire, the data were drawn from 60 number 4th year students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. The researchers set an appointment with the students as to the date, time, and place of the survey. Each was asked to answer the list of questions. This research, in order to obtain the desired results in relation to the objective it aims to accomplish, employed the normative-survey method which standards in this study are established in determining quality data. The facts obtained were subjected for careful classification and thorough analysis and interpretations. The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researcher. The survey was comprised of 55 questions, which were related to the variables studied. The questionnaire was made with great care by the researcher and was drafted by the writers with the able assistance of their lead researcher who gave valuable help and suggestions for the quality of the survey. After the formulation of the questionnaire, the schedule and the distribution of the devise was acted upon. After the professor validated the questionnaire, these were distributed to the 4th year students of PUPLH – Manila. The researchers understood that people’s consciousness may also affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being anonymous. Participants were given time to respond and then the researchers collected the surveys. In able for the researchers to secure reliable data and facts for the study from the respondents who could understand the questions, the researcher availed the schedule which is a set of questions asked and filled by the researchers in a face to face situation. In addition, the researcher guided the students who had difficulties in understanding the questionnaire in able for the fact and data recorded were pertinent in the development of the study After all of the required number of questionnaires was answered, the researchers tabulated the data according to their profiles. A tabulation sheet was then used in order for a more systematic and organized tabulation. STATISTICAL TREATMENT After all of the desires respondents had finished answering the questionnaire made a tally of the total number of boy and girl included. The group used Stratified Random Sampling. In this sampling technique, the group got random samples in a population which was composed of several 4th year high school students in PUP Laboratory High school. From each of these sections, the sample size was drawn proportionately by 60 students. The variables given and questions were computed to identify its rank through the number of questions given. The equation used in computing the rank of the variable is as follows: In getting the sample size, the group used the Sloven’s formula which is, n= number of high school students in PUP Laboratory High school, N stands for the whole population of the 4th year High school students of PUP Laboratory High school who were enrolled in school year 2012-2013.